Research has shown that teacher-student interaction differs according to the gender of the student (the gender of the teacher does not seem to matter), although most teachers are unaware of any inequities. Studies consistently show that boys have more interventions with teachers than do girls. For example, it has been found that teachers are more responsive to the disruptive behavior of boys than girls and more likely to reprimand boys. When children request attention, teachers generally respond to boys with instructions and to girls with nurturance. In addition, girls receive more attention when they are physically close to the teacher, whereas boys are given attention at a distance. It has also been found that the feedback received by boys and by girls on the intellectual quality of their work differs. For example, boys receive considerable criticism for failing to obey the rules, whereas girls receive criticism related to their performance. Boys attribute their failure to do well to lack of effort, whereas girls attribute it to a lack of ability. Do some girls, then, give up trying to succeed when they reach high school due to the responses their elementary teachers have given them? It is well established that girls generally perform better academically than boys in elementary school but falter in high school. For example, girls do not do as well as boys in science and math by the time they reach adolescence. In addition, girls typically take fewer advanced math classes than do boys in high school and college. Even though Title IX of the Educational Amendment Act of 1972 obliged schools to provide equal treatment for males and females, schools are still shortchanging girls according to a report by the AAUW. Although more girls are now involved in athletics, the contributions and experiences of females are not as visible as are those of males in textbooks. Furthermore, the pace of change is slow in gender-segregated enrollment patterns in vocational education, with girls primarily enrolled in office and business-training programs, and boys in programs leading to higher-paying trade jobs. Sexuality and the realities of sexual activity (pregnancy, disease, rape) are rarely discussed in schools, although, by law, sexual harassment is defined and consequences delineated. Teachers must be trained to foster assertive and affiliative skills in both girls and boys. School curricula and textbooks should be monitored for gender stereotypes and provide positive role models for both girls and boys. The main idea of the first paragraph is
a. teachers work hard to give boys and girls equal treatment.
b. teachers are unaware of the differences between how boys and girls learn.
c. boys and girls have different learning styles.
d. teachers interact differently with boys than with girls.
Ques. 2Many people believe that private schools have more successful educational outcomes that do public schools, due to less bureaucracy, more family involvement, smaller classes, and students' backgrounds. Families who send their children to private school must pay both tuition and school taxes for public schools. There was much political pressure, beginning in the 1970s in various states, to give public financial support to private schools. One mechanism is the vouchera coupon in the amount the school district normally spends on an individual child's educationto be spent at whatever school the family chooses, public or private. The argument is that in a free-market system private schools should have as much right as public schools to be supported by the government and that the best schools will attract more students, thereby thriving, while the worst schools will improve to attract customers. The voucher system came under legal scrutiny in a court case in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1997, when the system was declared unconstitutional because of inappropriate church-state separation; most of the vouchers (public money) were being used for religious schools. However, the concept of vouchers as a school choice option is still viable, as evidenced by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, which tries to balance flexibility with accountability in schools receiving federal funds under Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). The act grants parents certain rights, such as to inspect instructional material and assessments; it provides guidelines for school choice and vouchers, and for school prayer; and it stipulates requirements for funding school improvements, teacher qualifications, and testing. The author's claim that ...the concept of vouchers as a school choice option is still viable... is
a. adequately supported by factual evidence.
b. inadequately supported because it depends on personal opinion.
Ques. 3Many people believe that private schools have more successful educational outcomes that do public schools, due to less bureaucracy, more family involvement, smaller classes, and students' backgrounds. Families who send their children to private school must pay both tuition and school taxes for public schools. There was much political pressure, beginning in the 1970s in various states, to give public financial support to private schools. One mechanism is the vouchera coupon in the amount the school district normally spends on an individual child's educationto be spent at whatever school the family chooses, public or private. The argument is that in a free-market system private schools should have as much right as public schools to be supported by the government and that the best schools will attract more students, thereby thriving, while the worst schools will improve to attract customers. The voucher system came under legal scrutiny in a court case in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1997, when the system was declared unconstitutional because of inappropriate church-state separation; most of the vouchers (public money) were being used for religious schools. However, the concept of vouchers as a school choice option is still viable, as evidenced by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, which tries to balance flexibility with accountability in schools receiving federal funds under Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). The act grants parents certain rights, such as to inspect instructional material and assessments; it provides guidelines for school choice and vouchers, and for school prayer; and it stipulates requirements for funding school improvements, teacher qualifications, and testing. Identify the relationship between the following sentences from the first paragraph. There was much political pressure....to give public financial support to private schools. One mechanism is the voucher...
a. statement and clarification
b. example
c. comparison
d. addition
Ques. 4Many people believe that private schools have more successful educational outcomes that do public schools, due to less bureaucracy, more family involvement, smaller classes, and students' backgrounds. Families who send their children to private school must pay both tuition and school taxes for public schools. There was much political pressure, beginning in the 1970s in various states, to give public financial support to private schools. One mechanism is the vouchera coupon in the amount the school district normally spends on an individual child's educationto be spent at whatever school the family chooses, public or private. The argument is that in a free-market system private schools should have as much right as public schools to be supported by the government and that the best schools will attract more students, thereby thriving, while the worst schools will improve to attract customers. The voucher system came under legal scrutiny in a court case in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1997, when the system was declared unconstitutional because of inappropriate church-state separation; most of the vouchers (public money) were being used for religious schools. However, the concept of vouchers as a school choice option is still viable, as evidenced by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, which tries to balance flexibility with accountability in schools receiving federal funds under Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). The act grants parents certain rights, such as to inspect instructional material and assessments; it provides guidelines for school choice and vouchers, and for school prayer; and it stipulates requirements for funding school improvements, teacher qualifications, and testing. An inference that can be made from the passage is that
a. Ohio courts are more conservative than courts elsewhere in America. b. parents who send their children to private schools do not have to pay taxesto support public schools
c. a large number of Americans are dissatisfied with how public education isbeing managed. d. American schools may receive federal funding through Title I of ESEA.
Ques. 5Many people believe that private schools have more successful educational outcomes that do public schools, due to less bureaucracy, more family involvement, smaller classes, and students' backgrounds. Families who send their children to private school must pay both tuition and school taxes for public schools. There was much political pressure, beginning in the 1970s in various states, to give public financial support to private schools. One mechanism is the vouchera coupon in the amount the school district normally spends on an individual child's educationto be spent at whatever school the family chooses, public or private. The argument is that in a free-market system private schools should have as much right as public schools to be supported by the government and that the best schools will attract more students, thereby thriving, while the worst schools will improve to attract customers. The voucher system came under legal scrutiny in a court case in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1997, when the system was declared unconstitutional because of inappropriate church-state separation; most of the vouchers (public money) were being used for religious schools. However, the concept of vouchers as a school choice option is still viable, as evidenced by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, which tries to balance flexibility with accountability in schools receiving federal funds under Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). The act grants parents certain rights, such as to inspect instructional material and assessments; it provides guidelines for school choice and vouchers, and for school prayer; and it stipulates requirements for funding school improvements, teacher qualifications, and testing. The main purpose of the passage is to
a. persuade parents to send their children to religious schools.
b. condemn Ohio courts for declaring vouchers unconstitutional.
c. discuss the voucher system.
d. explain the historical development of American education.
Ques. 6Many people believe that private schools have more successful educational outcomes that do public schools, due to less bureaucracy, more family involvement, smaller classes, and students' backgrounds. Families who send their children to private school must pay both tuition and school taxes for public schools. There was much political pressure, beginning in the 1970s in various states, to give public financial support to private schools. One mechanism is the vouchera coupon in the amount the school district normally spends on an individual child's educationto be spent at whatever school the family chooses, public or private. The argument is that in a free-market system private schools should have as much right as public schools to be supported by the government and that the best schools will attract more students, thereby thriving, while the worst schools will improve to attract customers. The voucher system came under legal scrutiny in a court case in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1997, when the system was declared unconstitutional because of inappropriate church-state separation; most of the vouchers (public money) were being used for religious schools. However, the concept of vouchers as a school choice option is still viable, as evidenced by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, which tries to balance flexibility with accountability in schools receiving federal funds under Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). The act grants parents certain rights, such as to inspect instructional material and assessments; it provides guidelines for school choice and vouchers, and for school prayer; and it stipulates requirements for funding school improvements, teacher qualifications, and testing. According to the passage, why was the voucher system ruled unconstitutional in Ohio?
a. It did not require accountability for schools.
b. It was found to discriminate against minorities.
c. It cost too much taxpayer money.
d. It allowed public funds to be spent on religious schools.
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