There is a strong correlation between verbal SAT scores and college GPAs. This does not mean however, that higher SAT scores cause higher grades in college. But what could explain this relationship?
a. The confounding variable gender.
b. The high (low) SAT scores and high (low) GPAs both result from a common cause.
c. Both SAT scores and GPAs change over time.
d. The relationship is purely coincidental.
Q. 2Which of the following is a confounding variable for the relationship between happiness and length of life?
a. Happiness level
b. Length of life
c. Emotional support
d. Age at death
Q. 3Give an example where the explanatory variable is a contributing (but not the only) cause of the response variable.
Q. 4Give an example where the response variable is causing a change in the explanatory variable.
Q. 5Give an example where the explanatory variable is the direct cause of the response variable.
Q. 6Name three (of the seven) reasons two variables could be related.
Q. 7Which of the following statements is true?
a. Legitimate correlation never implies causation.
b. Legitimate correlation does not necessarily imply causation.
c. Legitimate correlation is equivalent to causation.
d. Legitimate correlation implies causation in the case of a single observational study, as long as the researchers tried to control for confounding variables.
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