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Answer to #1
It is possible to eat restaurant foods and meet nutrient needs with a healthful diet. However, making it happen takes some effort. Most often, restaurant foods are overly endowed with calories, fat, saturated fat, sugar, and salt but often lack fiber, iron, or calcium. Vegetables and fruits may not be on the menu and a single meat or pasta portion may exceed a whole day's recommended intake. However, there are ways to make restaurant food fit into a healthful diet. Some examples: Restrict your portions to sizes that do not exceed your energy needs. Ask that excess portions be placed in take-out containers right away. Ask for extra vegetables, fruit, or salad and request whole-grain breads and pasta. Make judicious choices of foods that stay within intake guidelines for solid fats, added sugars, and salt.
Answer to #2
Energy needs often decrease with advancing age because the number of active cells in each organ often decreases and the metabolism-controlling hormone thyroxine diminishes, reducing the body's resting metabolic rate. Another reason is that as older people reduce their physical activity, their lean tissue diminishes, resulting in sarcopenia, an age-related loss of muscle tissue with serious health implications.
Answer to #3
During adolescence, food habits change for the worse, and adolescents often miss out on nutrients they need. Few teens choose sufficient whole grains, for example, which help support adequate nutrient intakes and reduce chronic disease risk. Teens may begin to skip breakfast; choose less milk, fruits, juices, and vegetables; and consume more soft drinks each day. Skipping breakfast and consuming an unhealthy diet low in milk, fruits, and vegetables and high in sugar-sweetened beverages may bear a relationship to weight gain and higher BMI values. Ideally, the adult becomes a gatekeeper, controlling the type and availability of food in the teenager's environment. In reality, in many households today, all the adults work outside the home, and teens perform many of the gatekeeper's roles, such as shopping for groceries or choosing fast foods or prepared foods. The gatekeeper can help the teenager choose wisely by delivering nutrition information at teachable moments.. Teens prone to weight gain will often open their ears to news about calories in fast foods. Athletic teens may best attend to information about meal timing and sports performance. Still others are fascinated to learn of the skin's need for vitamins. The gatekeeper must set a good example, keep lines of communication open, and stand by with plenty of nourishing food and reliable nutrition information, but the rest is up to the teens themselves. Ultimately, they make the choices.
Answer to #4
A nutritious breakfast is a central feature of a healthy child's diet that supports growth and development. When a child consistently skips breakfast or chooses sugary foods in place of nourishing ones (whole-grain cereals), the child will fail to get enough of several nutrients. Nutrients missed from a skipped breakfast are rarely made up at lunch and dinner but are most often left out completely that day. Children who regularly skip breakfast are more likely to be overweight, have difficulty paying attention in the classroom, perform poorly on tasks requiring concentration, and achieve lower test scores. Common sense tells us that it is unreasonable to expect anyone to study and learn when no fuel has been provided. Even well-fed children who have eaten breakfast suffer from distracting hunger by late morning.
Answer to #5
An infant's appetite decreases markedly near the first birthday and fluctuates thereafter. Children's appetites fluctuate between very high and very low. However, if given an ample selection of nutritious foods at regular intervals, the internal appetite regulation in healthy, normal-weight children will ensure that energy intake remains adequate for each stage of growth. However, the environment can influence this internal process of maintaining energy balance. If there is a constant stream of tempting foods high in added sugars, saturated fat, refined grains, and calories throughout the day, normal hunger and satiety cues can be overridden. Children who receive regularly timed snacks and meals of a variety of nutritious foods, with only occasional special treats, often are those who gain weight appropriately and grow normally.
Answer to #6
a
Answer to #7
c
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