Explain how contraceptive pills containing estradiol and progestin work.

Answer to #1

When used together, estradiol and progestin suppress the action of LH and FSH and thereby ovulation. Progestin blocks LH and ovulation, and, by causing the cervical mucus to become thick and sticky, it induces a barrier to sperm.

Answer to #2

c

Answer to #3

The husband's body mass index indicates that he is overweight. His excess body fat may be affecting his fertility. Thus, he may be advised to eat a healthier diet, following nutritional guidelines, and exercise because loss of body fat is related to improvements in hormone levels, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, and conception rates. The woman's irregular menses after losing 10 pounds suggests that her weight loss negatively affected her fertility. Particularly, if she was originally of normal weight and lost 10 to 15 of her body weight through her diet, such weight loss has been linked to decreased estrogen, LH, and FSH concentrations. Her irregular menses, termed amenorrhea, may return to normal if her weight is restored to within 95 of her previous weight. Through regaining weight, her hormone levels may be returned to normal and her fertility improved.

Answer to #4

c

Answer to #5

Pelvic inflammatory disease is a general term applied to infections of the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries. It occurs predominantly in young women and is generally caused by infection with a sexually transmitted disease, such as gonorrhea or Chlamydia.

Answer to #6

c

Answer to #7

Females are born with a complement of immature ova and males with sperm-producing capabilities. For women, approximately 7 million immature ova, or primordial follicles, are formed during early fetal development, but only about one-half million per ovary remain by the onset of puberty. During a woman's fertile years, some 400500 ova will mature and be released for possible fertilization. Due to losses in viable ova over time, very few remain by menopause. For men, sperm numbers and viability decrease somewhat after approximately 35 years of age, but sperm are produced from puberty until death.

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