Which risk factor for heart disease cannot be changed by lifestyle modifications?
a. genetics
b. obesity
c. high blood pressure
d. physical activity
Q. 2Which characteristic is associated with the incidence rate of disease development?
a. All cases in a single survey are counted.
b. It is measured in a single point in time.
c. All individuals are examined including cases and non-cases.
d. It is measured most efficiently in a cohort study.
Q. 3An epidemiologic study evaluated the relationship between caffeine and developing high blood pressure. The relative risk of the group drinking five caffeinated drinks a day in comparison to the group drinking no caffeinated drinks a day was 0.99 . This means that if a person drinks five caffeinated drinks a day, he or she ____.
a. has a 99 percent chance of developing high blood pressure
b. has a 99 percent chance of NOT developing high blood pressure
c. is not at increased risk of high blood pressure
d. will almost certainly develop particularly severe high blood pressure
Q. 4To an epidemiologist studying factors that contribute to diabetes, an individual with a confirmed case of diabetes is a(n) ____.
a. incidence
b. prevalence
c. case
d. risk factor
Q. 5Which of the following is not considered a vital statistic?
a. cause-specific death rate
b. fetal death rate
c. infant mortality rate
d. drug-usage rate
Q. 6Prenatal exposure to ____ is one of the leading preventable causes of mental retardation in the United States.
a. nicotine
b. alcohol
c. cocaine
d. marijuana
Q. 7Over the past decade, epidemiologic data have been used to develop ____ methods for identifying women at high risk of giving birth to a child with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).
a. surveillance
b. pervasive
c. intervention
d. determinant
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