Which of the following statements about punishment is true?
A) Punishment (if not harsh) may be effective if it is instructional.
B) Punishment usually promotes more effective behavior.
C) Punishment may produce undesirable side effects.
D) Punishment may be a permanent solution.
Q. 2Postmodernists suggest that ____________ has a pervasive influence affecting perceptions of reality, and should be considered in all assessment techniques.
A) language
B) persistence
C) motivation
D) self-esteem
Q. 3According to principles used in behavioral counseling to change behavior, it is necessary to
A) identify reinforcing stimuli.
B) identify underlying needs.
C) increase client awareness.
D) explore historical causes.
Q. 4A counselor who takes into consideration the role of culture in the manifestation of a possible disorder is operating from a(n) _______________ approach to assessment.
A) etic
B) emic
C) universalist
D) ethnocentric
Q. 5Which of the following would you be using if you had just been thrown off a horse and were forced to get back on?
A) systematic desensitization
B) hypnosis
C) counter-conditioning
D) internal inhibition
Q. 6Individuals from different cultures can vary greatly in their perceptions due to their ____________, which includes group identity, individual identity, beliefs, values, and language.
A) cognitive schema
B) genetic background
C) worldview
D) personality
Q. 7Another counseling method used by behaviorists consists of giving points for certain target behaviors that are correct or are close approximations. This method is known as
A) biofeedback.
B) modeling.
C) shaping.
D) token economics.
Q. 8What makes Item Response Theory different from classical theory?
A) It is a family of theories of methods used to develop instruments.
B) Traditional forms of calculating reliability are appropriate.
C) The constructs being measured are observable.
D) The focus of IRT is on error rates.
Quick Reply
