The degree to which a genetic characteristic is manifested by individuals carrying a specific gene is called ____.
a. concordance
b. discordance
c. penetrance
d. genetic linkage
Question 2Conclusions of the research conducted by Moos (2005) and Bootzin and Bailey (2005) suggests that ____.
a. some group-based prevention and treatment programs have resulted in increases in substance use and delinquent behaviors instead of decreases in these behaviors
b. all group-based prevention and treatment programs yield similar results in drug taking and delinquent behaviors
c. iatrogenic effects are the intended effects of therapy
d. memories are usually less accurate in depressed individuals
Question 3People with schizophrenia who are given large doses of certain medications begin to smack their lips and grimace. They look as though they are getting worse instead of better. The fact that treatment leads to these additional symptoms illustrates ____.
a. that the medication is pathognomonic for schizophrenia
b. iatrogenic effects
c. analogue effects
d. the need for double-blind research designs
Question 4Mrs. Yarnell was given large doses of antipsychotic medications that had side effects including twitches and dizziness. These side effects were misinterpreted as additional psychopathology. Such a mistaken diagnosis illustrates ____.
a. the value of single-subject experiments
b. a negative effect of experimentation on humans
c. the power of endophenotypes
d. an iatrogenic condition
Question 5A characteristic of all endophenotypes is that they are ____.
a. associated with a person's physical environment
b. inheritable
c. manifest only in an individual who has the disorder
d. detectable on brain scans
Question 6Measurable heritable characteristics like brain abnormalities, attention processing deficits, or eye movements that give clues about specific genes involved in psychological disorders are called ____.
a. endophenotypes
b. iatrogenic effects
c. base rates for a behavior
d. genetic linkages
Question 7Carmen has been diagnosed with major depression. Her twin sister Consuelo does not have the disorder. When asked if their parents suffer from major depression, researchers are likely to reduce bias in reporting by ____.
a. interviewing the twins together at the same time
b. interviewing each twin at least twice and at different points of time
c. refraining from contacting their parents
d. refraining from administering a psychological assessment