Cohort effects are reflected in which of the following problems in research?

Cohort effects are reflected in which of the following problems in research?
 
  a) Third variable
  b) Directionality
  c) Reliability
  d) Longitudinal

Question 2

A group of people age 40 are compared to a group aged 70. This type of research is called:
 
  a) Longitudinal.
  b) Time-of-measurement.
  c) Cross-sectional.
  d) Cohort effect.

Question 3

Longitudinal studies involve:
 
  a) Testing several different age groups on two or more measures.
  b) Testing age effects vs. cohort effects in a population.
  c) Testing one cohort over time.
  d) Testing the effects of time-of-measurement.

Question 4

A problem with interpreting results from longitudinal studies of aging is:
 
  a) Cohort effects are not controlled for.
  b) The findings may not generalize to other cohorts.
  c) The changes found may be the result of aging effects, not cohort effects.
  d) The most active and healthy subjects may drop out of the study, leading to pessimistic findings about aging.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is an example of selective mortality?
 
  a) Today's older adults are less likely to seek mental health services because when they were growing up, mental illness was stigmatized.
  b) Because exercise has become widely promoted in the media, many older adults are now exercising and thus healthier than was predicted by earlier measures of their physical well-being.
  c) Because of the effects of aging on the brain, older adults do less well than younger adults on measures of fluid intelligence.
  d) In a longitudinal study, many of the elderly subjects died before the follow-up data was collected.

Question 6

Results from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA) indicated that acute, sudden onset of dementia:
 
  a) Is associated with greater chance of institutionalization
  b) Is associated with decreased vascular risk
  c) Occurs in about half of all dementia cases
  d) Is associated with reduced survival rates