In 2003 the U.S. Supreme Court revisited the
Bakke decision in the case of
Grutter v. Bollinger. What was the Courts ruling in this 2003 case concerning affirmative action?
a. It reversed
Bakke and stated that such programs punish non-minorities who played no role at all in the original discriminatory practices.
b. It ruled that the racial divide that exists in this country may be exacerbated by affirmative action.
c. It ruled that affirmative action programs are explicit racial classifications, and as such they violate the principle of a color-blind society.
d. It ruled that economically privileged African Americans who do not need such assistance may benefit at the expense of less privileged African Americans who have greater needs.
e. It reaffirmed the ruling in
Bakke that allows race to be used as one of several positive factors in the admission process.
Question -2-Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) was a Supreme Court case that
a. created affirmative action quotas for all medical schools.
b. rejected the outright use of racial quotas in college admissions but allowed race to be used as one of several factors in admissions.
c. required that a quota for white students be used if there is also an existing quota for non-whites.
d. required racial quotas for all college admission procedures.
e. identified and prohibited the process of reverse discrimination.
Question -3-As the courts and legislatures cleared the books of laws that legalized racial discrimination, affirmative action developed in the 1970s as a new tactic. What was its purpose?
a. It required that the employment process be color-blind and that race not be mentioned.
b. It required that the federal governments agencies approve all employment decisions to ensure compliance.
c. It intentionally encouraged lawsuits against private companies as a way of bringing them into compliance.
d. It created a remedy for discriminatory hiring practices of the past and present whereby preference, in certain circumstances, could be given to minorities.
e. It created policies that made it more difficult to hire or promote a white employee.
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