Maria moved to this country several months ago. She has been studying English as a second language but still has much to learn about the language of her new homeland. One day her teacher tells the class, Bring an empty coffee can to school tomorrow for a project we're going to do. Maria hears only two familiar wordscoffee and schooland guesses that her teacher is saying that students should not drink coffee at school. Maria's misinterpretation illustrates which one of the following?
a. Conceptual change
b. Auditory imagery
c. Construction in retrieval
d. Construction in storage
Ques. 2A teacher tells his class, For tomorrow's class, read pages 23 to 49 in your geography book. Three of the following students are demonstrating the process of construction in their perceptions of what their teacher has said. Which student is not?
a. Anthony doesn't hear what the teacher says because his mind is on something else.
b. Bonita thinks the teacher is saying history book.
c. Christopher hears the teacher say pages 33 to 39 because the student next to him is coughing loudly.
d. Dena understands the teacher even though the teacher speaks with a slight accent and mispronounces the word geography.
Ques. 3The four students described below are using visual imagery to try to remember information. Considering what theorists and researchers say about the strengths and weaknesses of visual imagery, only one student is likely to remember this information accurately. Which one?
a. Anna sees a pentagon and erroneously calls it a hexagon. The following day she is asked to draw the figure she saw.
b. Bob studies a map of the Soviet Union. The following day he is asked to draw a map of the Soviet Union, including the locations of mountains, rivers, and major cities.
c. Cora studies 30 pictures at an art museum. The following day she is asked to identify them from among 60 pictures.
d. Dave tries to form a visual image of the word accommodation. The following day he is asked to spell it.
Ques. 4Generally speaking, adults learn and remember more easily than children do. The reverse is true, however, when the children:
a. Initially know more about the topic being studied than the adults do
b. Get at least 8 hours of sleep per night
c. Engage in daily exercises designed to expand working memory capacity
d. Are instructed to close their eyes and listen very closely
Ques. 5Generally speaking, elaboration helps students learn new information. An exception to this rule is when students elaborate on this information:
a. After having already organized it in a hierarchical fashion
b. Using previously stored erroneous information
c. Using information they stored many years earlier
d. Very quickly
Ques. 6A student reads the statement, To be or not to be, that is the quastion, and fails to notice the typographical error in the word question. This proofreading error can best be explained by considering the role of _________ in long-term memory storage.
a. closure
b. similarity
c. expectations
d. rehearsal
Ques. 7Eight-year-old Julie lives in a rural area where many people are farmers or in some other way make their living through agriculture. After a lengthy summer drought, it begins to rain heavily one day in late July. Thank goodness Julie hears her father exclaim. Our prayers have finally been answered Julie makes a mental note of the causeeffect relationship her father has impliedin particular, that prayer can lead to rain. This situation illustrates Vygotsky's belief that:
a. Adults pass along to children the ways in which their culture interprets events.
b. Children's level of potential development is always a bit higher than their actual developmental level.
c. Children acquire more knowledge and skills when scaffolding is kept to a minimum.
d. Thought and language are distinct processes in the early years of life.
Ques. 8In Vygotsky's theory, three of the following would be considered lower mental functions. Which one would be considered a higher mental function?
a. Learning to walk
b. Adding 3 and 3 to get 6
c. Identifying appropriate foods to eat
d. Finding one's way around the neighborhood
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