William is shopping at a convenience store when a man rushes in, shoots the store clerk in the arm, hurriedly cleans out the cash register, and then speeds away in a pickup truck. Later, a detective asks William to describe the woman who was waiting for the thief in the truck. The fact is, William didn't see a woman in the truck, but after the detective urges him to think hard and try to remember her, he begins to recall seeing a blonde woman sitting in the passenger side of the truck. This situation illustrates:
a. the misinformation effect
b. a retrieval cue
c. spreading activation
d. encoding specificity
Ques. 2After meeting a new neighbor, Shandra mistakenly calls him David on several occasions. Eventually the neighbor kindly corrects her, saying, My name is actually Darren. After that, Shandra correctly calls the man Darren, but initially she has to work hard not to call him David instead. Which one of the following concepts best characterizes the change in Shandra's memory?
a. retrieval-induced forgetting
b. encoding specificity
c. the misinformation effect
d. a retrieval cue
Ques. 3Richard is studying both French and Spanish. In the same week he learns that the French word for mother is mre and that the Spanish word for mother is madre. One day his French teacher asks Richard, Who is married to your father? and Richard erroneously answers, Madre. Richard's memory error can best be explained in terms of:
a. decay
b. interference
c. inhibition
d. failure to consolidate
Ques. 4When Gianna returns to college after a summer touring France, she tells her roommate about her many experiences. She does not always remember them accurately, however, so she fills in the gaps in her memory with logical details about how things must have happened. Several weeks later, she is telling another friend about her trip. Gianna will probably:
a. Remember her experiences more accurately than she had previously
b. Feel very confused about what things actually did and did not happen in France
c. Have different gaps in her memory than she did when talking to her roommate, and so construct very different recollections of her experiences in France
d. Remember her experiences in France as occurring in essentially the way that she previously described them to her roommate
Ques. 5Occasionally people have false memories, recalling events that never actually happened. Three of the following false memories are consistent with research findings regarding when false memories are likely to form. Which one is inconsistent with research findings?
a. After seeing a photo of a girl who looks like her riding an elephant, 10-year-old Sally says, Oh, yes, I remember that elephant ride.
b. Eighteen-year-old Mark recalls attending a Jewish Bar Mitzvah when he was 13, even though he isn't Jewish and doesn't have any friends who are Jewish.
c. Four-year-old Carmen is asked to imagine herself going to Disney World and meeting Snow White. Several months later she claims she actually did meet Snow White.
d. As a requirement for his psychology class, 20-year-old Damion participates in a research study in which he's asked to read a group of 10 interrelated words (e.g., bed, pillow, dream). Afterward he claims that one of the words was sleep, even though it wasn't included in the list.
Ques. 6Albert grew up in Germany but now lives in England. He recalls more about his childhood in Germany when he's speaking in German than when he's speaking in English. Which one of the following concepts best explains this fact?
a. flashbulb memory
b. encoding specificity
c. spreading activation
d. fan effect
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