Compare the human capital model (neoclassical economic perspective) with the feminist perspectives ...

Answer to q. 1

According to this model, individuals vary widely in the amount of human capital they bring to the labor market. Human capital is acquired by education and job training; it is the source of a person's productivity and can be measured in terms of the return on the investment (wages) and the cost (schooling or training). What individuals earn is the result of their own choices (the kinds of training, education, and experience they accumulate and of the labor market need (demand) for and availability (supply) of certain kinds of workers at specific points in time.

For example, human capital analysts argue that women diminish their human capital when they leave the labor force to engage in childbearing and child-care activities. Other neoclassical economic models attribute the wage gap to such factors as: (1) the different amounts of energy that men and women expend on their work (women who spend substantial energy on their family and household have less to put into their work; (2) the occupational choices women make (choosing female-dominated occupations so that they can spend more time with their families); and (3) the crowding of too many women into some occupations (suppressing wages because the supply of workers exceeds demand). Feminism is the belief that women and men are equal and that they should be valued equally and have equal rights. Feminist theory seeks to identify ways in which norms, roles, institutions, and internalized expectations limit women's behavior. It also seeks to demonstrate how women's personal control operates even within the constraints of relative lack of power. In liberal feminism, gender equality is equated with equality of opportunity. The roots of women's oppression lie in women's lack of equal civil rights and educational opportunities. According to radical feminists, male domination causes all forms of human oppression, including racism and classism. Radical feminists often trace the roots of patriarchy to women's childbearing and child-rearing responsibilities, which make them dependent on men.

Socialist feminists suggest that women's oppression results from their dual roles as paid and unpaid workers in a capitalist economy. In the workplace, women are exploited by capitalism; at home, they are exploited by patriarchy. Multicultural feminists focus on the experiences of African American women and Latinas/Chicanas. A central assumption of this analysis is that race, class, and gender are forces that simultaneously oppress women of color.

Answer to q. 2

c

Answer to q. 3

According to feminist scholars, women experience gender inequality as a result of economic, political, and educational discrimination. Women's position in the U.S. work force reflects their overall subordination. The workplace is another example of a gendered institution. In industrialized countries, most jobs are segregated by gender and by race/ethnicity. Sociologists Judith Lorber notes that in most workplaces, employees are either gender segregated or all of the same gender. Gender-segregated work refers to the concentration of women and men in different occupations that remain more than 90 percent female (for example, secretary, registered nurse, and bookkeeper clerk) or more than 90 percent male (for example, carpenter, truck driver, mechanic, and electrical engineer). Women are severely underrepresented at the top of U.S. corporations. Only about 20 percent of the executive jobs at Fortune 500 companies are held by women, and only fifteen women are the CEO of such a company. Across all categories of occupations, white women and all people of color are not evenly represented. Labor market segmentationthe division of jobs into categories with distinct working conditionsresults in women having separate and unequal jobs. The pay gap between men and women is the best-documented consequence of gender-segregated work. Most women work in lower-paying, less-prestigious jobs, with little opportunity for advancement. Gender-segregated work affects both men and women. Men are often kept out of certain types of jobs. Those who enter female-dominated occupations often have to justify themselves and prove that they are real men. Occupational gender stratification contributes to stratification in society. Occupational segregation contributes to a wage gapthe disparity between women's and men's earnings. Overall, women make approximately 79 cents for 1 earned by men. Women at all levels of educational attainment receive less pay than men with the same levels of education. The gap increases as a person's salary grows. Pay equity or comparable worth is the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job, not the gender or race of the worker. Analysts break a job into components, such as the education, training, and skills required, the extent of responsibility for others' work, and the working conditions, and then allocate points for each. For pay equity to exist, men and women in occupations that receive the same number of points should be paid the same. However, pay equity exists for very few jobs, and little change has occurred over the past two decades in many occupations. libri;letter-spacing:.25pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'> competitors. ng:.1pt'>with partners, health-related concerns, and lack of readiness or ability to care for a child.

Answer to q. 4

d

Answer to q. 5

c

Answer to q. 6

b

Confirmed correct!

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