Describe sociologist Robert Merton's typology of the relationship between prejudice and ...

Answer to q. 1

Sociologist Robert Merton identified four combinations of attitudes and responses. Unprejudiced nondiscriminators are not personally prejudiced and do not discriminate against others. For example, two players on a professional sports team may be best friends although they are of different races. Unprejudiced discriminators may have no personal prejudice but still engage in discriminatory behavior of peer-group pressure or economic, political, or social interests. For example, in some sports, a coach might feel no prejudice toward African American players but believe that white fans will accept only a certain percentage of people of color on the team.

Prejudiced nondiscriminators hold personal prejudices but do not discriminate due to peer pressure, legal demands, or a desire for profits. For example, a coach with prejudiced beliefs may hire an African American player to enhance the team's ability to win. Prejudiced discriminators hold personal prejudices and actively discriminate against others. For example, an umpire who is personally prejudiced against African Americans may intentionally call a play incorrectly based on that prejudice.

Answer to q. 2

b

Answer to q. 3

d

Answer to q. 4

The frustration-aggression hypothesis states that people who are frustrated in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of aggression toward others. The object of their aggression becomes the scapegoata person or group that is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others. Scapegoats are often used as substitutes for the actual source of the frustration. For example, members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups are often blamed for societal problems (such as unemployment or an economic recession) over which they have no control. According to some symbolic interactionists, prejudice results from social learning; it is learned from observing and imitating significant others, such as parents and peers. Initially, children do not have a frame of reference from which to question the prejudices of their relatives and friends. When they are rewarded with smiles or laughs for telling derogatory jokes or making negative comments about outgroup members, children's prejudiced attitudes may be reinforced. Psychologist Theodor Adorno concluded that highly prejudiced individuals tend to have an authoritarian personality, which is characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking. It is most likely to develop in a family environment in which dominating parents who are anxious about status use physical discipline but show very little love in raising their children.

Answer to q. 5

a

Easily the best answers, TY and have a wonderful day