1. The ability of a muscle to contract and relax is dependent on the flow of ________ in and out of the muscle cell.
A) phosphorus
B) calcium
C) iron
D) chloride
2. Which of the following is a major mineral?
A) sodium
B) iron
C) zinc
D) copper
3. Diets rich in ________ are associated with maintaining healthy blood pressure levels.
A) sodium
B) chloride
C) potassium
D) phosphorus
4. Which of the following foods contains the lowest amount of sodium?
A) 1 medium fresh orange
B) 1 cup of canned vegetable soup
C) 1 large dill pickle
D) 1 oz. of potato chips
5. The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane toward solutes is called ________
A) osmosis.
B) filtration.
C) depolarization.
D) distillation.
6. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding free radicals?
A) Free radicals are formed as a by-product of healthy metabolism.
B) Our body has no mechanism to combat free radicals.
C) Exposure to pollution increases free radical production.
D) Many diseases, such as cancer and heart disease, are linked to free radical damage.
7. The deficiency disease associated with vitamin C is ________
A) scurvy.
B) erythrocyte hemolysis.
C) night blindness.
D) Keshan disease.
8. Bone ________ refers to the two-step process in which bone tissue is recycled.
A) growth
B) modeling
C) remodeling
D) regeneration
9. Which of the following is FALSE concerning calcium?
A) Calcium's alkalinity assists in regulating acid-base balance.
B) Ninety-nine percent of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue.
C) When blood calcium falls, osteoclasts will liberate calcium from the skeleton.
D) Calcium is a major mineral.
10. Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium?
A) transmission of nerve impulses
B) muscle contraction
C) maintenance of blood pressure
D) promotes osteoclasts to break down bone
11. Which of the following organs is responsible for the synthesis of vitamin D?
A) skin
B) liver
C) kidneys
D) all of the above
12. Calcitonin is a hormone secreted by the ________ gland.
A) adrenal
B) parathyroid
C) pituitary
D) thyroid
13. Insufficient vitamin D during adulthood is associated with ________
A) rickets.
B) osteomalacia.
C) kidney stones.
D) hypocalcemia.
14. Newborn infants receive a single injection of vitamin K at birth due to the fact that ________
A) newborns do not have enough bacteria in their small intestine to make vitamin K.
B) breast milk is a poor source of vitamin K.
C) the trauma of labor and delivery depletes the newborn's vitamin K stores.
D) newborns cannot absorb any of the vitamin K from breast milk or formula.
15. Fluorosis is associated with ________
A) insufficient intake of fluoride.
B) consuming too much fluoride.
C) Alzheimer's disease.
D) osteoporosis.
16. Phosphorus consumption has increased approximately 10-15% over the past 30 years. This is largely due to the increased consumption of ________
A) processed foods.
B) meat.
C) water.
D) milk.
17. Chromium assists in ________ uptake.
A) calcium
B) sodium
C) potassium
D) glucose
18. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is associated with the decreased absorption and utilization of ________
A) glucose.
B) thiamin.
C) riboflavin.
D) protein.
19. What is the primary symptom of niacin toxicity?
A) dizziness
B) diarrhea
C) fatigue
D) flushing
20. Pellagra is the deficiency disease associated with ________
A) folate.
B) niacin.
C) thiamin.
D) riboflavin.
21. Which of the following explains why folate is critical to the health of a newly conceived embryo?
A) Folate is needed for proper cell division.
B) Folate is essential for maintaining proper fluid balance.
C) Folate regulates bone formation.
D) Folate is essential for heart function
22. A toxicity of folate can disguise a true deficiency of ________, resulting in nerve damage.
A) niacin
B) vitamin B6
C) iron
D) vitamin B12
23. High concentrations of homocysteine in the blood are associated with the development of ________
A) diabetes.
B) heart disease.
C) neural tube defects.
D) osteoporosis.
24. A goiter can result from ________
A) too much or too little iodine in the diet.
B) choline supplementation.
C) cretinism.
D) excess dietary chromium
25. A deficiency of ________ is the most common deficiency worldwide.
A) calcium
B) vitamin B12
C) folate
D) iron
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