Hey so I am new to this and am running very late on this assignment bc of 2 online tests I am having to take OUT OF NOWHERE tonight! Long story short idk what I am doing on here or how it works. But I really need a good grade on this. Heck I'd even pay something for it to be done. So I am hoping someone out there has these answers to the CD worksheets bc I just don't have the time. It would be greatly helpful. I know it is a good bit so.....................
The Nervous System II: Anatomy Review
1. The somatic nervous system stimulates ____________ muscle.
The autonomic nervous system stimulates ___________ muscle, ____________ muscle, and ___________.
2. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists two divisions, each innervating the effector organs. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) generally speeds up everything except digestion. The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) generally slows down everything but digestion.
Signals from the SNS cause the heart rate to _________, while signals from the PNS cause the heart rate to ___________.
Signals from the SNS cause smooth muscles of the intestine to _________ contractions, while signals from the PNS cause these muscles to _________ contractions.
Signals from the SNS also cause the adrenal gland to _________ epinephrine and norepinephrine.
3. Neurons can excite or inhibit another neuron.
Exciting another neuron will increase the chances of a/an ___________________ in the second neuron.
Inhibiting another neuron will make the chances of a/an __________________ less likely.
4. Axons from one neuron can synapse with the dendrites or soma of another axon.
These synapses are called ______________________ (on dendrites) and _________________________ (on soma). They carry input signals to the other neuron.
Axons from one neuron can synapse with the axon terminal of another neuron. These synapses are called ________________________, and they regulate the amount of ________________________ released by the other neuron.
5. The electrical synapse:
Electrical current flows from one neuron to another through _________________.
These synapses are always (excitatory or inhibitory).
Advantages of the electrical synapses:
1. _______ signal conduction
2. _____________ activity for a group of neurons.
6. The chemical synapse:
Chemical synapses are not as fast as electrical but are the most common type of synapse.
A chemical, called a ______________________, is released from the sending neuron and travels across the ___________________(a gap between the neurons) to the receiving neuron.
Advantages of the chemical synapse:
1. The signal can be either ____________ or ____________.
2. The signal can be ______________ as it passes from one neuron to the next.
7. The neuron conducting the impulse toward the synapse is called the __________________ neuron. The axon terminal contains ___________ ____________ filled with ______________________.
An action potential in the axon terminal of the _____________neuron causes the chemical transmitter ____________________ to be released. It diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the ________________ membrane.
These receptors open __________________. The movement of the charged particles causes an electrical signal called a _______________________.
The Nervous System II: Ion Channels
1. List four neurotransmitters that bind to ion channels, these neurotransmitters
are called ___________________________-acting neurotransmitters.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. a. The binding of ACh opens ion channels in the dendrites or cell body that
permits both _______ and ____________ to move through them.
b. Which ion would move into the cell? ______________ out of the cell?
______________
c. Which ion has the greatest electrochemical gradient? ______________
d. The net movement of these two ions would do what to the cell?
_________________
e. This would be called an _____________________________
postsynaptic potential, or ____________________.
3. a. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) causes a neuron to
___________________.
b. An example of a neurotransmitter that causes an IPSP is ______________.
c. What type of ions move into the cell in response to this neurotransmitter?
______________.
4. a. Norepinephrine binds to a receptor that is separate from the ion channel.
This is known as a/an _____________________________
_ - acting
neurotransmitter.
b. Norepinephrine is known as the ___________________________ messenger.
c. The receptor is coupled to the ion channel by a ___________________.
5. a. This activates an enzyme which induces the production of a
_____________ messenger.
b. An intracellular enzyme is activated and ____________________ the ion channel.
c. As a result of this sequence of events, what channels are closed?
____________________
d. What does this do to the neuron? _____________________________
_
6. Name three neurotransmitters that can only act indirectly.
a.
b.
c.
7. Which of the four neurotransmitters mentioned in question 1 can also act indirectly?
a.
b.
c.
8. Which one of the four neurotransmitters mentioned in question 1 can
only act directly? ______________________
The Nervous System II: Synaptic Transmission
1. What channels in the presynaptic neuron open up in response to an action
potential? ________________________
2. The presence of what ion inside the cell causes the synaptic vesicles to
fuse with the membrane? ________
3. a. What is the name for the chemicals stored in the synaptic vesicles?
____________
b. What do these chemicals diffuse across? _________________________
c. Where do these chemicals bind to receptors? ______________________
4. What type of gated channels do these chemicals open? ________________
5. Name two ways these chemicals can be removed from the synaptic cleft.
a.
b.
6. The response on the postsynaptic cell depends on two factors:
a.
b.
7. Name the two types of cholinergic receptors and indicate where these are found.
Type Found
excitatory:
inhibitory:
8. Indicate where the following three adrenergic receptors are found:
a1
b1
b2
9. Autonomic nerves innervate what three things?
10. The most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS is
________________.
11. Two major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS are:
a.
b.
12. Name a drug that alters synaptic transmission in the following ways:
a. blocks the action of the neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane
__________________.
b. blocks the reuptake of the neurotransmitter at the presynaptic membrane
________________.
c. blocks the release of the neurotransmitter ___________________ and
___________________.
The Nervous System II: Synaptic Potentials and Cellular Integration
1. Enhanced postsynaptic potentials are due to increased _______ entering the
terminal as a result of _____________________________
_______.
2. Presynaptic inhibition is due to decreased _______ entering the terminal as
a result of _____________________________
_______.
3. a. Synaptic potentials are also known as ______________ potentials.
b. They _____________ as they travel away from the synapse.
4. a. Increasing the number of action potentials on an axon in a given period
of time would cause __________________________ summation.
b. Increasing the number of synapses from different neurons would cause
__________________ summation.
5. The magnitude of the EPSPs may be reduced (thus affecting their ability to
generate and their action potential) by adding _______________________
potentials, or ____________________s.
6. Inhibitory synapses would have the maximum effect if located where?
___________________________
7. From the quiz, how many impulses did it take to cause an action potential:
a. From the axon the furthest away from the cell body? ___________
b. From the axon located on the cell body? ___________
8. Pulses from how many neurons were required to stimulate the postsynaptic
neuron? _________________
9. Compare action potentials and synaptic potentials:
Action Potential Synaptic Potential
Function
Depolarization/
hyperpolarizations
Magnitude
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