1)
When an organism's behavior is elicited, involuntary and preceded by a stimulus, the type of learning being exhibited is:
A)
operant conditioning
B)
classical conditioning
C)
observational learning
D)
chaining
2)
By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the ______.
A)
unconditioned stimulus
B)
conditioned response
C)
unconditioned response
D)
conditioned stimulus
3)
Many children learn to fear lightning because it is often paired with loud thunder (which, like most sudden, loud sounds is naturally frightening). In this case lightning is the ______, thunder is the ______, and fear is the ______.
A)
UCS, CS, UCR
B)
UCS, CS, CR
C)
CS, UCS, UCR
D)
CS, CR, UCS
4)
Learning the association between a particular behavior and its consequences is called ___________conditioning.
A)
contractual
B)
instrumental
C)
operant
D)
classical
5)
Any stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated is called a(n) ______.
A)
aversive stimulus
B)
negative reinforcer
C)
antecedent
D)
punisher
6)
The technique used to produce new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of a final operant behavior is ______.
A)
shaping
B)
chaining
C)
secondary reinforcement
D)
vicarious reinforcement
7)
When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to ______.
A)
occur less frequently
B)
occur more frequently
C)
completely stop
D)
occur at the same rate
8)
College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to ______.
A)
response generalization
B)
learned helplessness
C)
latent learning
D)
contingency blocking
9)
Gambling behavior is very hard to extinguish because it is reinforced according to a ______ schedule of reinforcement.
A)
variable-interval
B)
fixed-interval
C)
fixed-ratio
D)
variable-ratio
10)
The process in which a learned response that has been extinguished suddenly reappears on its own with no retraining is called ______.
A)
a reaction formation
B)
discrimination
C)
generalization
D)
spontaneous recovery
11)
Barbara suffers from tension headaches. Her doctor teaches her to control them by attaching an electronic device that emits a tone to her head. Even slight relaxation of her head muscles causes the tone to drop. By relaxing her head muscles, her headaches are relieved. This technique is known as ______.
A)
biofeedback
B)
social learning
C)
contingency training
D)
preparedness
12)
Information we want to retain needs to move through three stages or systems of memory. Which of the following represents the three stages or systems in order?
A)
short-term, sensory, long-term
B)
long-term, sensory, short-term
C)
episodic, sensory, semantic
D)
sensory, short-term, long-term
13)
Information is grouped for storage in short-term memory through the process of ______.
A)
rote rehearsal
B)
cueing
C)
chunking
D)
categorizing
14)
We encode verbal information in short-term memory ______.
A)
abstractly
B)
acoustically
C)
photographically
D)
according to its meaning
15)
Long-term memory can store ______.
A)
only a few items for no more than a few seconds at a time
B)
vast amounts of information but only for a few seconds at a time
C)
vast amounts of information for many years
D)
only a few items but for many years
16)
When given a list of items to remember, you are most likely to remember ______.
A)
the items at the end more than those in the middle or in the beginning
B)
the items in the beginning and at the end more than those in the middle
C)
the items in the middle more than those at the beginning or at the end
D)
the items in the beginning better than those in the middle or at the end
17)
Your memories of personal experiences such as what you wore to work yesterday or what you ate for breakfast this morning are stored in ______.
A)
semantic memory
B)
episodic memory
C)
emotional memory
D)
procedural memory
18)
Our memories of general knowledge items such as the meanings of words or the dates of famous historical events are stored in ______.
A)
procedural memory
B)
emotional memory
C)
episodic memory
D)
semantic memory
19)
A brain structure that appears to be critically important in laying down new memory traces and transferring them to long-term memory is the ______.
A)
hippocampus
B)
thalamus
C)
hypothalamus
D)
reticular formation
20)
Which of the following is true of eyewitness testimony?
A)
people never confuse actual memories of an event with information they have later heard about the event from other sources
B)
it is most accurate when the witness has the chance to talk to many other people
C)
how questions are posed to witnesses can make a difference in their subsequent accounts of the incident
D)
information is not subject to change or distortion once it has been stored in long-term memory
21)
Which of the following is true?
A)
People usually try to reduce arousal.
B)
People are usually motivated to maintain the current level of arousal.
C)
People always want to increase arousal.
D)
Sometimes people are motivated to increase arousal, while other times they want to reduce arousal.
22)
A part of the brain important in producing the feeling of hunger is the ______.
A)
the hippocampus
B)
limbic system
C)
the hypothalamus
D)
amygdala
23)
It has been suggested that people who have trouble regulating their body weight respond more strongly to ______ than those who do not.
A)
hunger pangs
B)
external cues related to food
C)
reduced glucose levels
D)
sex hormones
24)
In Harlow's classic experiments, frightened infant monkeys ran to a surrogate "mother" that offered ______.
A)
protection
B)
milk
C)
food
D)
contact comfort
25)
The need to excel, to overcome obstacles represents the ______ motive.
A)
aggression
B)
curiosity
C)
achievement
D)
power
26)
Which of the following BEST describes a person with high achievement motivation?
A)
Paula wants to be a good lawyer but only because good lawyers are well-paid and well-known.
B)
Jean has always felt she should earn good grades because she believed she should do her best in school and learn as much as possible.
C)
Bill wanted to be a doctor, but instead he became a physician's assistant because he wanted to help people without having to take on the awesome responsibility for their health.
D)
Fred believes he has a right to do whatever he chooses, whenever he chooses, due in part to being raised by extremely lenient parents.
27)
The strength of a person's need to achieve has been related to:
A)
How their parents treated them in early childhood
B)
Their physical strength
C)
How well they did in grade school
D)
Their intelligence
28)
People with a very high fear of failing a task, will most likely:
A)
Take a moderate risk, with about a 50% change of success
B)
Ask for help from their friends
C)
Make it so difficult that they are bound to fail
D)
See the task as a challenge and an opportunity to show off
29)
Recent research examining the ability of people from a variety of cultures to identify emotions by observing facial expressions of others found that there appear to be universally recognized facial expression for ______ primary emotions.
A)
100
B)
48
C)
six
D)
0
30)
Psychosomatic illnesses are:
A)
Imaginary illnesses that don't really exist
B)
Real physical illnesses caused by psychological factors
C)
Physical problems involving the stomach (soma)
D)
Found most often in children under age 4
31)
A major effect of too much stress is that stress reduces the effectiveness of your __________ system.
A)
immune
B)
endocrine
C)
nervous
D)
sensory
32)
Refusing to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality is ______.
A)
projection
B)
rationalization
C)
repression
D)
denial
33)
Forgetting the embarrassing things you may have said at a party is probably an example of ______.
A)
aggression
B)
reaction formation
C)
repression
D)
intellectualization
34)
For someone who likes both movies and concerts, choosing between going to one or the other represents an ______ conflict.
A)
approach/avoidance
B)
incompatible demands
C)
avoidance/avoidance
D)
approach/approach
35)
A high school student talks his friends into stealing a car. When they get caught, he claims his friends talked him into it and he was just going along for the ride. His behavior is an example of ______.
A)
projection
B)
reaction formation
C)
intellectualization
D)
rationalization
36)
In World War II, many prisoners in concentration camps came to imitate the behaviors and mannerisms of the brutal guards who were their captors. The behavior of these prisoners is probably due to ______.
A)
sublimation
B)
identification
C)
projection
D)
reaction formation
37)
People who respond to life's events with a laid-back, easygoing attitude are said to be exhibiting a ______ behavior pattern.
A)
Type A
B)
Type B
C)
Type S
D)
Type T
38)
Each of the following is a method for lowering stress and staying healthy EXCEPT ______.
A)
increase your "alone time"
B)
relaxation training
C)
exercise regularly
D)
develop a support system
39)
Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ______.
A)
language development
B)
cognitive development
C)
motor development
D)
perceptual development
40)
Which of the following is the correct order for Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?
A)
preoperational, formal-operational, sensorimotor, concrete-operational
B)
preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete-operational, formal-operational
C)
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete-operational, formal-operational
D)
preoperational, concrete-operational, formal-operational, sensorimotor
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