ACTIVITY 1: Measuring Respiratory Volumes and Calculating Capacities Answers
1. Which of the following processes does not occur during inspiration?
a. The diaphragm moves to a flattened position.
b. Gas pressure inside the lungs is lowered.
c. Inspiratory muscles relax.
d. The size of the thoracic cavity increases. c. inspiratory muscles relax
2. During normal quiet breathing, about ______ ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.
a. 300
b. 500
c. 1000
d. 1500 B. 500
3. True or False: At the beginning of expiration, the air pressure of the atmosphere decreases so that air can flow from the lungs outward. false
4. The changing of the airway radius in this lab simulation represents changing the size of the
a. Nose and mouth
b. Pharynx
c. Trachea
d. Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, other bronchi and bronchioles d.
5. When the airway radius was decreased to 4.00 mm, the airflow changed to _______ L/minute and the FEV1 changed to ________ ml. 3.075/ 1422 ml
6. If the TV of a person's lungs is 600ml, the ERV is 1200ml, the RV is 1200ml, and the IRV is 3000 ml, the total lung capacity (TLC) is _______ ml. 6000 ml
7. What would be an example of an everyday respiratory event the ERV simulates? The ERV button represents a forced expiration.
8. What additional skeletal muscles are utilized in an ERV activity? Abdominal-wall muscles, internal intercostals, internal/external oblique, transverses abdominis
9. What was the FEV1 (in %) at the original radius of 5.00 mm? 74%
10. What happened to the FEV1 (in %) as the radius of the airways decreased? FEV1 (%) decreased as the airway radius was decreased.
11. Explain why the results from the experiment suggest that there is an obstructive, rather than a restrictive, lung problem? The results show that it is an obstructive airway because the airflow is constantly decreasing, if it was restrictive the volumes and capacities would have been affected more than what it was.
ACTIVITY 2: Comparative Spirometry
12. Which of these volumes or capacities of the lungs changed the most in the patient with emphysema?
a. TV
b. IRV
c. FVC
d. FEV1 d. FEV1
13. In the patient having an acute asthma attack, the FEV1 (%) decreased to _____ %. 40%
14. Which of these volumes or capacities changed the most in the person doing the heavy aerobic exercise?
a. TV
b. ERV
c. FVC
d. TLC A. TV
15. What happened to the RV for both the emphysema patient and the asthma patient (before inhaled medication)?
a. It decreased for both patients.
b. It increased for the emphysema patient and decreased for the asthma patient.
c. It remained unchanged for both patients.
d. It increased for both patients. D. It increased for both patients
16. What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient with emphysema was selected?
Why did these values change as they did? ERV, RV, FVC, FEV1, & FEV %
The lung values changed the way that they did because with emphysema, there is a significant loss of elastic recoil in the lung tissue and a noticeable, exhausting muscular effort is required for expiration. Inspiration becomes easier because the lungs are more compliant.
17. Which of these two values changed more for the patient with emphysema, the FVC or the FEV1? FVC changed by 1750ml and FEV1 changed by 2375ml or 30%.
FEV1 changed more for the patient with emphysema.
18. What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient experiencing an acute asthma attack was selected?
Why did these values change as they did? TV, ERV, IRV, RV, FVC, FEV1 (ml), & FEV1 (%) changed.
The values changed the way they did because during an acute asthma attack, airway resistance is significantly increased by 1) thick mucus secretions and 2) airway smooth muscle spasms.
19. How is having an acute asthma attack similar to having emphysema? How is it different? Having an acute asthma attack is similar to having emphysema in that the airways collapse and pinch closed before a forced expiration is completed. They are different in that the volumes and peak flow rates are significantly reduced during an asthma attack, unlike with emphysema; the elastic recoil is not diminished in an acute asthma attack.
20. Describe the effect that the inhaler medication had on the asthmatic patient.
Did all the spirogram values return to “normal”?
Why do you think some values did not return all the way to normal? The inhaler medication relieved the bronchospasms and induced bronchiole dilation. The inhaler also reduces airway resistance. No all of the values did not return normal. The IRV, FVC, FEV1 (ml), and FEV1 (%) returned to near normal levels. Some of the values did not return all the way to normal because there is still remaining mucus and residual inflammation.
21. How much of an increase in FEV1 do you think is required for it to be considered significantly improved by the medication? I think that a 20-30% FEV1 increase is required for there to be a significant improvement by the medication.
22. With moderate aerobic exercise, which changed more from normal breathing, the ERV or the IRV? With moderate exercise the IRV changed more
23. Compare the breathing rates during normal breathing, moderate exercise, and heavy exercise. During normal breathing most normal adults breathe at a rate of 15 breaths per minute. During moderate exercise breathing
rates increase but tidal volumes increases more. During heavy exercise both breathing rates and tidal volumes increase to
maximum tolerable levels.
ACTIVITY 3: Effect of Surfactant and Intrapleural Pressure on Respiration
24. True or False: Surfactant is often added to the lungs of a very premature infant in a hospital in order for her/him to be able to breathe better. True
25. If a person suffers a severe chest injury such as a gunshot or explosion or auto accident, the pressure in the intrapleural cavity becomes the same as the atmospheric pressure. The patient then is said to have developed a _____________. pneumothorax
26. In this lab simulation, when the valve on the left side of the glass bell jar was opened, the total airflow decreased to about ________ ml/minute.
49.69 ml/minute
27. If a chest tube is placed into the pleural cavity of the patient in question 2 and the opposite end is placed to suction or to an “underwater” seal, we are trying to
a. remove any blood that might be present in the thoracic cavity.
b. re-expand the lung.
c. decrease the pressure in the intrapleural cavity.
d. accomplish all of the above. d. accomplish all of the above
28. What effect does the addition of surfactant have on the airflow? Surfactant increased the airflow
29. Why does surfactant affect airflow in this manner? Surfactant has this affect on airflow because it reduces resistance to lung inflation
30. What effect did opening the valve have on the left lung? Opening the valve caused the left lung to deflate
31. What effect on the collapsed lung in the left side of the glass bell jar did you observe when you closed the valve? When the valve was closed the lung remained deflated.
32. What is the name of the emergency medical condition that opening the left valve simulates? Atelectasis (collapsed lung)
33. When you clicked the “Reset” button, the air was drawn out of the intrapleural space and the lung returned to its normal condition. What emergency procedure would be used to achieve this result if these were the lungs in a living person? A chest tube would be inserted
34. What do you think would happen when the valve is opened if the two lungs were in a single large cavity rather than separate cavities? I think that if the valve was opened and the two lungs were in a single large cavity rather than separate cavities both lungs would collapse.
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