help with review sheets. physioEX 8.

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EX4
Activity 1: Determining Baseline Metabolic Rates (pp. 45–47)
16. The normal rat’s metabolic rate is faster than the metabolic rates of the thyroidectomized
and hypophysectomized rats.
The thyroidectomized rat lacks a thyroid, thus produced no thyroxine. The hypophysectomized
rat lacks a pituitary gland, thus produced no thyroid stimulating hormone tostimulate thyroxine production. Because the normal rat produced thyroxine normally,
its metabolic rate was faster than the other rats.

Activity 2: Determining the Effect of Thyroxine on Metabolic Rate (p. 47)
7. On the normal rat, the metabolic rate after thyroxine injection is faster than the baseline
metabolic rate.
The action of thyroxine is to increase the metabolic rate of all cells.
On the thyroidectomized rat, the metabolic rate after thyroxine injection is faster than
the baseline metabolic rate.
The injected thyroxine compensated for the thyroxine lost when the thyroid was removed.
On the hypophysectomized rat, the metabolic rate after thyroxine injection is faster than
the baseline metabolic rate.
The injected thyroxine compensated for the thyroxine lost when the pituitary gland was
removed. The pituitary gland did not produce TSH, therefore the thyroid gland did not
produce thyroxine.

Activity 3: Determining the Effect of TSH on Metabolic Rate (pp. 47–48)
7. On the normal rat, the metabolic rate after TSH injection is faster than the baseline
metabolic rate.
The TSH increased production of thyroxine.
On the thyroidectomized rat, the metabolic rate after TSH injection is the same as the
baseline metabolic rate.
Since there is no thyroid gland in the thyroidectomized rat, the injected TSH had nothing
to act upon. There was no organ to receive the pituitary TSH and produce thyroxine,
On the hypophysectomized rat, the metabolic rate after TSH injection is faster than the
baseline metabolic rate.
The injected TSH compensated for the TSH lost when the pituitary gland was removed,
and spurs production of thyroxine.

Activity 4: Determining the Effect of Propylthiouracil
on Metabolic Rate (p. 48)
7. On the normal rat, the metabolic rate after propylthiouracil injection is slower than the
baseline metabolic rate.
Propylthiouracil is antagonistic to thyroxine and will tend to decrease the effects of
thyroxine.
On the thyroidectomized rat, the metabolic rate after propylthiouracil injection is the
same as the baseline metabolic rate.
Since the thyroidectomized rat cannot make any thyroxine, the propylthiouracil has
nothing to be antagonistic to and therefore has no effect.
On the hypophysectomized rat, the metabolic rate after propylthiouracil injection is the
same as the baseline metabolic rate.

Since the hypophysectomized rat does not have a functional thyroid gland, no thyroxine
is being made and there is nothing for the propylthiouracil to be antagonistic to.

Activity 5: Hormone Replacement Therapy (pp. 49–50)
9. Student answers will vary.
12. T score (control): –2.7 ± 0.15
15. T score (estrogen): –2.0 ± 0.15
16. T score (calcitonin): –2.6 ± 0.15
17. Estrogen injections changed the rat’s T score from the osteoporosis range to the osteopenia
range.
The calcitonin injections had little to no effect on the rat.

Activity 7: Measuring Fasting Plasma Glucose (pp. 52–55)
20. Sample 1: glucose concentration of 95–105 mg/deciliter
23. Sample 2: glucose concentration of 110–120 mg/deciliter
Sample 3: glucose concentration of 126–136 mg/deciliter
Sample 4: glucose concentration of 115–125 mg/deciliter
Sample 5: glucose concentration of 135–145 mg/deciliter
Patient 1’s glucose reading was in the normal range.
Patient 3’s and Patient 5’s glucose readings were in the diabetic range.
Patient 2’s and 4’s glucose readings were in the impaired fasting glucose range.
A special diet would be recommended where simple sugars are restricted.
The diagnosis would be gestational diabetes. A special diet would be recommended
where simple sugars are restricted.

Activity 8: Measuring Cortisol and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (pp. 55–57)
17. Patient 1: cortisol 3 ± 1 mcg/dL Low ACTH 18 ± 2 pg/ml Low
Patient 2: cortisol 35 ± 5 mcg/dL High ACTH 13 ± 2 pg/ml Low
Patient 3: cortisol 45 ± 5 mcg/dL High ACTH 86 ± 5 pg/ml High
Patient 4: cortisol 3 ± 1 mcg/dL Low ACTH 100 ± 5 pg/ml High
Patient 5: cortisol 50 ± 5 mcg/dL High ACTH 18 ± 2 pg/ml Low

EX 5
Activity 1: Studying the Effect of Flow Tube Radius on Fluid Flow (pp. 60–62)
5. Fluid flow increases as the radius of the flow tube is increased.
Because fluid flow is proportional to the fourth power of the radius, increases/decreases
in tube radius cause increases/decreases in fluid flow.
The relationship between fluid flow and flow tube radius is exponential.
We alter blood flow in the human body by increasing or decreasing the diameter of
blood vessels by the contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle tissue in vessel walls.
After a heavy meal when we are relatively inactive, we might expect blood vessels in
the skeletal muscles to be somewhat constricted while blood vessels in the digestive
organs are probably dilated.

Activity 2: Studying the Effect of Viscosity on Fluid Flow (p. 62)
6. Fluid flow decreases as viscosity is increased.
Fluid flow versus viscosity is an inverse relationship.
The effect of viscosity does not effect fluid flow as much as vessel radius.
Anemia would result in fewer red cells than normal, which would decrease the viscosity
of the blood. Consequently, blood flow rate would be increased.
If you increased the numbers of red blood cells, blood flow rate would decrease.
Blood viscosity would increase in conditions of dehydration, resulting in decreased blood
flow.

Activity 3: Studying the Effect of Flow Tube Length on Fluid Flow (p. 63)
6. Increasing flow tube length will decrease fluid flow rate.
Obesity would result in decreased blood flow because vessels must increase in length in
order to serve the increased amount of adipose tissue in the body.

Activity 4: Studying the Effect of Pressure on Fluid Flow (pp. 63–64)
6. Increasing the pressure increases fluid flow.
The length versus flow rate plot is linear, whereas the plots for radius, viscosity, and
length are all exponential.
Changing pressure would not be a reasonable method of flow control because a large
change in pressure is needed to significantly change flow rate.

Activity 5: Studying the Effect of Radius on Pump Activity (pp. 65–66)
2. a. When the piston is at the bottom of its travel, the volume remaining in the pump is
analogous to the (EDV, ESV) of the heart.
b. the amount of fluid ejected into the right beaker by a single pump cycle is analagous
to (stroke volume, cardiac output) of the heart.
c. The volume of blood in the heart just before systole is called (EDV, ESV) and is
analogous to the volume of fluid present in the simulated pump when it is at the
(top, bottom) of the stroke.
5. The radius plot in this experiment appears different from the radius plot in the vessel
resistance experiment because only the outflow of the pump was changed. Since the
inflow remained constant during the course of the experiment, an entirely different flow
pattern is established.
a. As the right flow tube radius is increased, fluid flow rate (increases, decreases). This
is analogous to (dilation, constriction) of blood vessels in the human body.
b. Even though the pump pressure remains constant, the pump rate (increases, decreases)
as the radius of the right flow tube is increased. This happens because the
resistance to fluid flow is (increased, decreased).
c. The heart must contract (more, less) forcefully to maintain cardiac output if the
resistance to blood flow in the vessels exiting the heart is increased.
d. Increasing the resistance (e.g., a constriction) of the blood vessels entering the heart
would (increase, decrease) the time needed to fill the heart chambers.
If the left flow tube radius is increased, flow rate into the pump is increased, which
increases the pump rate. A decrease in the left flow tube radius causes flow rate and
pump rate to decrease.

Activity 6: Studying the Effect of Stroke Volume on Pump Activity (pp. 66–67)
5. As the stroke volume is increased, it takes longer to fill the pump and the pump rate slows.
To maintain adequate blood flow to tissues, the stroke volume must be greater in an athlete
if his heart rate is lower.
If we keep the rate constant, increasing the stroke volume, causes cardiac output to
increase.

Activity 7: Studying Combined Effects (pp. 67–68)
When the right flow tube radius is kept constant and the left flow tube radius is changed,
there is an indirect change in pump filling time which in turn directly changes the pump
rate. (An increase in the left tube radius causes a decrease in filling time and an increase in
pump rate.)
Although decreasing the radius of the left flow tube increases the time required to fill the
pump, it does not affect the ability of the pump to empty.
A decrease in stroke volume causes an increase in pump rate because the pump is ejecting a
lower volume with each pump stroke and thus is able to empty the chamber more rapidly.
Increasing the pressure in the left beaker increases fluid delivery to the pump from the left
beaker.
Decreasing the pressure in the left beaker to 10 mm Hg greatly increases the time required
to fill the pump.
The pump’s rate increases if the filling time is decreased.
If the pressure in the right beaker equals the pump pressure, fluid can not flow.

Activity 8: Studying Compensation (p. 68)
If the right flow tube radius is decreased to 2.5 mm, the flow rate decreases.
The increased peripheral resistance can be overcome by: (1) increasing the pump’s pressure,
(2) decreasing the pressure in the right beaker, and (3) increasing the radius of the left flow
tube to decrease the pump’s filling time.
Decreasing the right flow tube radius is similar to a partial (leakage, blockage) of the aortic
valve or (increased, decreased) resistance in the arterial system.
The human heart could compensate for this condition by increasing its force of contraction
to overcome the increased resistance.
To control blood flow to specific organs, it is necessary to adjust the radius of the blood
vessels feeding them. It would not be reasonable to adjust the heart rate because that would
affect all organs equally.
a. If we decreased overall peripheral resistance in the human body (as in an athlete), the
heart would need to generate (more, less) pressure to deliver an adequate amount of
blood flow and arterial pressure would be (higher, lower).
b. If the diameter of the arteries of the body were partly filled with fatty deposits, the heart
would need to generate (more, less) force to maintain blood flow, and pressure in the
arterial system would be (higher, lower) than normal.

Ex 6
Activity 1: Recording Baseline Frog Heart Activity (p. 75)
2. 62 bpm

Activity 2: Investigating the Refractory Period of Cardiac Muscle (pp. 75–76)
3. It is possible to induce an extrasystole in the relaxation part of the cardiac cycle.
4. The heart can not be tetanized by multiple stimuli.
Tetanization would make the heart ineffective as a pump.
Activity 3: Examining the Effect of Vagus Nerve Stimulation (p. 76)
5. Vagal stimulation initially decreased heart rate and force of contraction, and then caused
the heart beat to stop for a brief period before returning to a relatively normal contraction
state after vagal escape initiates.

Activity 4: Assessing the Effect of Temperature (pp. 76–77)
2. Cold Ringer’s solution decreased heart rate.
(Various answers depending on students’ predictions.)
5. Warm Ringer’s solution increased heart rate.
51 bpm at 5° C; 70 bpm at 32° C
Increasing the temperature causes an increase in heart rate.

Activity 5: Assessing the Effect of Pilocarpine (pp. 77–78)
5. 46 bpm
Pilocarpine mimics vagal stimulation and slows the heart.

Activity 6: Assessing the Effect of Atropine (p. 78)
4. 71 bpm
The heart rate should increase.
When atropine blocks the effect of acetylcholine, the effect is to allow the sympathetic
neurotransmitter to bind to cardiac muscle tissue, thus increasing heart rate.
Atropine and pilocarpine are antagonistic in their action.

Activity 7: Assessing the Effect of Epinephrine (p. 78)
4. 80 bpm
Epinephrine increases the heart rate and force of contraction.
Epinephrine mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

Activity 8: Assessing the Effect of Digitalis (p. 78)
4. 42 bpm
Digitalis slows and steadies the heart.

Activity 9: Assessing the Effect of Various Ions (p. 79)
6. Calcium increases the strength of contraction; probably induces spasticity.
• The heart rate does not stabilize until 23°C Ringers solution is applied.
• The heartbeat is irregular, speeding up at times, slowing down at others.
Sodium decreases the strength and rate of contraction.
• The heart rate does not stabilize until 23°C Ringers solution is applied.
• The heartbeat is irregular, speeding up at times, slowing down at others.
Potassium weakens cardiac contractions.
• The heart rate does not stabilize until 23°C Ringers solution is applied.
• The heartbeat decreases considerably at first, then becomes erratic—alternately
speeding up and slowing down.
Yes, all three ions may induce arrhythmias.

Ex 11

Activity 1: Hematocrit Determination (pp. 143–144)
10. The hematocrit value of the healthy male living at sea level in Boston is 48.
The hematocrit level of the healthy male living at one mile elevation in Denver is 55.
No, the air in Denver is “thinner” (contains a lower percentage of oxygen) than it is in
Boston.
When the blood flowing through the kidneys is hypoxic (low oxygen level), the kidneys
respond by producing a hormone, erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to
produce more red blood cells.
If your bone marrow is producing an elevated number of red blood cells, your hematocrit
is elevated.
The hematocrit value of the male with aplastic anemia is 19.
The red blood cell count for an individual with aplastic anemia would be lower than the
red blood cell count of a healthy individual.
The hematocrit value of the healthy female living in Boston is 44.
The female with iron-deficiency anemia does not have as many normal-sized red blood
cells as the healthy female living in Boston, so her hematocrit (packed cell volume) is
lower. She is not able to make adequate hemoglobin molecules to fill her red blood cells.

Activity 2: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (pp. 144–146)
13. The blood has settled 5 millimeters.
The beige-colored portion of the tube is blood plasma.
17. No, the person with sickle-cell anemia did not show an elevated ESR.
The ESR for the person with iron-deficiency anemia was higher than the ESR for the
healthy individual.
The menstruating female is suffering from iron-deficiency anemia, causing her red
blood cells to settle.
The ESR is elevated in the patient suffering from myocardial infarction (heart attack),
but is normal in angina pectoris.

Activity 3: Hemoglobin (Hb) Determination (pp. 148–149)
11. The hematocrit value for the healthy male is 48.
The hematocrit value for the healthy female is 44.
The ratio of PCV to Hb for the female with iron-deficiency anemia tells you that she
may have a normal number of red blood cells, but they do not contain adequate levels of
hemoglobin molecules.
Yes, the male with polycythemia has a normal ratio of PCV to Hb (a ratio of 3:1).
Yes, the red blood cells of the male with polycythemia contain adequate levels of hemoglobin
molecules.
Yes, the female Olympic athlete has a normal ratio of PCV to Hb (a ratio of 3:1).
Yes, the red blood cells of the female Olympic athlete contain adequate levels of
hemoglobin molecules.

Activity 4: Blood Typing (pp. 150–151)
19. If the anti-A antibody causes the blood to agglutinate, antigen (agglutinogen) A would
be present on the blood cells.
If a person has type AB blood, antigen (agglutinogens) A & B are present on their red
blood cells.
In a person with type AB blood, neither A nor B antibodies (agglutinins) are present.
A person with type O blood has neither A nor B antigens (agglutinogens).

Activity 5: Total Cholesterol Determination (p. 153)
10. Patient #2 has elevated cholesterol, which has been associated with increased risk of
cardiovascular disease.
Patient #4 has borderline elevated cholesterol. He should be advised to decrease his
dietary intake of meats and saturated fats. He should also be encouraged to exercise
more.

I have posted the answers to the activities, they should help u answer the questions in review sheet because most of questions from the review sheet are taken straight from the activities. But if you have trouble with a few of them just post the specific question and exercise and I will help. hope this helps u
if so mark as solved!