As intracranial pressure increases in the infant who has hydrocephalus, the anterior fontanel ...

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In hydrocephalus, the balance between the rate of cerebrospinal fluid formation and absorption is disturbed. The infant has an excessively large head at birth, or rapid head growth along with widening cranial sutures. The anterior fontanelle becomes tense and bulges, and the eyes appear to be pushed downward, with the sclera visible above the iris (sunset eyes). Increased intracranial pressure causes irritability, restlessness, a high-pitched cry, vomiting, seizures, and a change in level of consciousness. Surgery is necessary. Vital signs, head circumference, and neurological signs must be monitored. Infections must be prevented.