Chemistry The Study of Change

Chemistry The Study of Change 1. A tentative explanation for a set of observations that can be tested by further experimentation is referred to as A) a hypothesis. B) a law. C) a theory. D) none of the above. Ans:  A 2. A concise verbal or mathematical statement of a relationship between phenomena that is always the same under the same conditions is referred to as A) a hypothesis. B) a law. C) a theory. D) none of the above. Ans:  B 3. A unifying principle that explains a body of facts and relations is referred to as A) a hypothesis. B) a law. C) a theory. D) none of the above. Ans:  C 4. Complete the following sentence. A hypothesis is A) a tentative explanation for a set of observations that can be tested by further experimentation. B) a statement describing a relationship between phenomena that is always the same under the same conditions. C) a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and relations. D) a model used to visualize the invisible. Ans:  A 5. Complete the following sentence. A scientific law is A) a tentative explanation for a set of observations that can be tested by further experimentation. B) a statement describing a relationship between phenomena that is always the same under the same conditions. C) a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and relations. D) a model used to visualize the invisible. Ans:  B 6. Complete the following sentence. A theory is A) a tentative explanation for a set of observations that can be tested by further experimentation. B) a statement describing a relationship between phenomena that is always the same under the same conditions. C) a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and relations. D) a model used to visualize the invisible. Ans:  C 7. Choose the response that includes all the items listed below that are pure substances. i. orange juice ii. steam iii. ocean water iv. oxygen v. vegetable soup A) i, iii, v B) ii, iv C) i, iii, iv D) iv only E) all of them are pure Ans:  B 8. Which of the following is an example of a physical property? A) corrosiveness of sulfuric acid B) toxicity of cyanide C) flammability of gasoline D) neutralization of stomach acid with an antacid E) lead becomes a liquid when heated to 601oC Ans:  E 9. Which one of the following is an example of a physical property? A) dynamite explodes D) ice floats on top of liquid water B) meat rots if it is not refrigerated E) a silver platter tarnishes C) gasoline burns Ans:  D 10. Which one of the following represents a physical change? A) water, when heated to 100°C, forms steam B) bleach turns hair yellow C) sugar, when heated, becomes brown D) milk turns sour E) apples, when exposed to air, turn brown Ans:  A 11. All of the following are properties of sodium. Which one is a physical property of sodium? A) It's surface turns black when first exposed to air. B) It is a solid at 25°C and changes to a liquid when heated to 98°C. C) When placed in water it sizzles and a gas is formed. D) When placed in contact with chlorine it forms a compound that melts at 801°C. E) Sodium is never found as the pure metal in nature. Ans:  B 12. All of the following are properties of tin. Which one is a chemical property of tin? A) Tin can be hammered into a thin sheet. B) At –40°C a sheet of tin crumbles to a gray powder. C) Tin melts at 231.9°C. D) When a bar of tin is bent, it emits an audible “cry”. E) Tin erodes when added to hydrochloric acid, and a clear gas forms. Ans:  E 13. Which one of the following represents a chemical change? A) boiling water to form steam B) burning a piece of coal C) heating lead until it melts D) mixing iron filings and sand at room temperature E) breaking glass Ans:  B 14. Which of the following does not represent a chemical change? A) a freshly cut apple turns brown B) milk turns sour on standing at room temperature C) when cooled to 0°C, liquid water becomes ice D) frying an egg E) fermentation of sugar to alcohol Ans:  C 15. The SI prefixes kilo and milli represent, respectively: A) 10–9 and 10–6. D) 109 and 10–6. B) 106 and 10–3. E) 10–9 and 10–1. C) 103 and 10–3. Ans:  C 16. The SI prefixes micro and milli represent, respectively: A) 106 and 10–6. D) 10–3 and 109. B) 10–3 and 106. E) 10–6 and 10–3. C) 103 and 10–6. Ans:  E 17. The SI prefixes mega and deci represent, respectively: A) 103 and 10–2. D) 10–6 and 102. B) 106 and 10–1. E) 102 and 10–3. C) 10–3 and 10–2. Ans:  B 18. A centimeter corresponds to: A) 10–2 meters. D) 10–9 meters. B) 10–3 meters. E) 10–12 meters. C) 10–6 meters. Ans:  A 19. A microliter corresponds to: A) 10–2 liters. B) 10–3 liters. C) 10–6 liters. D) 10–9 liters. E) 10–12 liters. Ans:  C 20. Lead melts at 601.0°C. What temperature is this in °F? A) 302°F B) 365°F C) 1,050°F D) 1,082°F E) 1,114°F Ans:  E 21. The element gallium melts at 29.8°C. What temperature is this in °F? A) –54.1°F B) –7.8°F C) +13.5°F D) +51.3°F E) +85.6°F Ans:  E 22. Many home freezers maintain a temperature of 0°F. Express this temperature in °C. A) –32°C B) –18°C C) 0°C D) 18°C E) 57.6°C Ans:  B 23. The highest temperature ever recorded in Phoenix, Arizona, was 122°F. Express this temperature in °C. A) 50.0°C B) 64.4°C C) 67.8°C D) 162.0°C E) 219.6°C Ans:  A 24. Dry ice (carbon dioxide) changes from a solid to a gas at –78.5°C. What is this temperature in °F? A) –173°F B) –12.6°F C) –109°F D) –75.6°F E) none of them are within 2°F of the right answer Ans:  C 25. Liquid nitrogen boils at –195.8°C. Express the boiling point of liquid nitrogen in kelvin. A) –469.0 K B) –77.4 K C) all temperatures are 0 K on the Kelvin scale D) 77.4 K E) 469.0 K Ans:  D 26. Liquid nitrogen boils at –195.8°C. Express the boiling point of liquid nitrogen in °F. A) –384.4°F B) –352.4°F C) –320.4°F D) –140.8°F E) –76.8°F Ans:  C 27. How many milliliters is 0.005 L? A) 0.5 mL B) 5 mL C) 0.50 mL D) 0.000005 mL E) 200 mL Ans:  B 28. Express 7,500 nm as picometers. A) 7.50 pm B) 75.0 pm C) 750 pm D) 7.5 × 106 pm E) 7.5 × 1012 pm Ans:  D 29. The diameter of Earth is 12.7 Mm. Express this diameter in centimeters. A) 1.27 × 105 cm D) 1.27 × 108 cm B) 1.27 × 106 cm E) 1.27 × 109 cm C) 1.27 × 107 cm Ans:  E 30. In 1828, the diameter of the U.S. dime was changed to approximately 18 mm. What is this diameter when expressed in nanometers? A) 1.8 × 109 nm D) 1.8 × 10–5 nm B) 1.8 × 107 nm E) 1.8 × 10–10 nm C) 1.8 × 101 nm Ans:  B 31. Which of the following represents the largest mass? A) 2.0 × 102 mg D) 2.0 × 102 cg B) 0.0010 kg E) 10.0 dg C) 1.0 × 105 ng Ans:  D 32. The density of lead is 11.4 g/cm3 at 25°C. Calculate the volume occupied by 25.0 g of lead. A) 2.19 cm3 B) 0.456 cm3 C) 285 cm3 D) 1.24 cm3 E) 6.05 cm3 Ans:  A 33. Iron has a density of 7.86 g/cm3. The volume occupied by 55.85 g of iron is A) 0.141 cm3 B) 7.11 cm3 C) 2.8 cm3 D) 439 cm3 E) None of the above. Ans:  B 34. Bromine is a red liquid at 25°C. Its density is 3.12 g/cm3. What is the volume of 28.1 g of liquid bromine? A) 87.7 cm3 D) 28.1 cm3 B) 0.111 cm3 . E) None of the above C) 9.01 cm3 Ans:  C 35. What is the volume of a 2.5 g block of metal if its density is 4.75 g/cm3? A) 0.53 cm3 B) 1.9 cm3 C) 2.5 cm3 D) 4.75 cm3 E) 11.9 cm3 Ans:  A 36. Which of the following objects will sink when dropped into a bucket of water? (Given: density of water = 1.00 g/cm3) A) a cube of aluminum (density = 2.702 g/cm3) B) a diamond (density = 3.51 g/cm3) C) a chunk of dry ice (density = 1.56 g/cm3) D) a chunk of sodium (density = 0.91 g/cm3) E) a sphere of magnesium (density = 1.74 g/cm3) Ans:  D 37. You just measured a block of wood and obtained the following information: mass = 55.120 g length = 8.5 cm height = 4.3 cm width = 3.3 cm Determine the volume and density of the wood block. Ans: Volume of the wood block = 120 cm3; density of the wood block = 0.46 g/cm3. 38. You just measured a metal cylinder and obtained the following information: mass = 3.543 g diameter = 0.53 cm height = 4.4 cm Determine the volume (V) and density of the cylinder. (V=?r2 h, where r = radius, h = height, ? = 3.14) Ans: Volume of the cylinder = 0.97 cm3; density of the cylinder = 3.7 g/cm3. 39. You just measured a sugar cube and obtained the following information: mass = 3.48 g height = length = width = 1.3 cm Determine the volume and density of the cube. Suppose the sugar cube was added to a cup of water. Before it dissolves, will the sugar cube float or sink to the bottom? Ans: Volume of the sugar cube = 2.2 cm3; density of the sugar cube = 1.6 g/cm3. Before dissolving, the sugar cube will sink in a cup of water. 40. Express the number 26.7 in scientific notation. A) 2.67 × 10–2 B) 2.67 × 10–1 C) 2.67 × 101 D) 2.67 × 102 E) 26.7 is already written in scientific notation Ans:  C Section:  1.8 41. Express the number 0.000053 in scientific notation. A) 5.3 × 10-2 B) 5.3 × 10-3 C) 5.3 × 10-4 D) 5.3 × 10-5 E) 5.3 × 10-6 Ans:  D Section:  1.8 42. The number 1.050 × 109 has how many significant figures? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 9 E) 13 Ans:  C Section:  1.8 43. How many significant figures are there in 0.3070 g? A) 6 B) 5 C) 4 D) 3 E) 2 Ans:  C Section:  1.8 44. After carrying out the following operations, how many significant figures are appropriate to show in the result? (13.7 + 0.027) ÷ 8.221 A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Ans:  C Section:  1.8 45. How many significant figures does the result of the following operation contain? 8.52010 × 7.90 A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 E) 6 Ans:  B Section:  1.8 46. How many significant figures does the result of the following sum contain? 8.5201 + 1.93 A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Ans:  D Section:  1.8 47. How many significant figures does the result of the following sum contain? 8.520 + 2.7 A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Ans:  C Section:  1.8 48. How many significant figures does the difference 218.7201 – 218.63 contain? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5 E) 7 Ans:  A Section:  1.8 49. Using the arithmetic problem below, determine the correct number of significant figures. (1.5 × 10–4 × 61.3) + 2.01 = A) 2.0192 B) 2.0 C) 2.019 D) 2.02 E) 2.019195 Ans:  D Section:  1.8 50. Give the correct number of significant figures to the problem below. 2.4 x 10-4 + 3.1 x 10-2 = A) 5.5 x 10-6 B) 5.5 x 10-8 C) 5.5 x 10-4 D) 3.1 x 10-2 E) 2.4 x 10-4 Ans:  D Section:  1.8 51. Give the correct number of significant figures to the problem below. 5.80 x 10-1 – 3.4 x 10-2 = A) 5.5 x 10-1 B) 5.46 x 10-1 C) 2.4 x 10-3 D) 2.4 x 102 E) 5.5 x 10-2 Ans:  B Section:  1.8 52. Give the correct number of significant figures to the problem below. 4.5 x 1014 / 8.3 x 108 = A) 5.4 x 1021 B) 5.4 x 1022 C) 5.4 x 106 D) 5.4 x 1014 E) 5.4 x 105 Ans:  E Section:  1.8 53. Give the correct number of significant figures to the problem below. 6.2 x 10-13 x 5.68 x 108 = A) 3.5 x 10-13 B) 3.5 x 10-5 C) 3.5 x 10-104 D) 3.5 x 10-4 E) 3.5 x 10-21 Ans:  D Section:  1.8 54. Convert 2.340 x 10-4 to decimal format. A) 23,400 B) 2,340 C) 0.000234 D) 0.0002340 E) 0.002340 Ans:  D Section:  1.8 55. Convert 4.5 x 104 to decimal format. A) 45,000 B) 4,500 C) 0.00045 D) 0.0045 E) 0.000450 Ans:  A Section:  1.8 56. Convert 5.00 x 102 milliliters to quarts. (1L = 1.06 qt) A) 1.88 qt B) 0.472 qt C) 0.528 qt D) 4.72 × 105 qt E) 5.28 × 105 qt Ans:  C 57. 1 US barrel = 4.21 cubic feet. Express this volume in liters. A) 3.99 × 10–5 L B) 1.99 × 10–2 L C) 19.9 L D) 105 L E) 119 L Ans:  E 58. 1 barrel of oil contains 42.0 gallons. How many liters is this? (1L = 1.06 qt) A) 9.9 L B) 11 L C) 142 L D) 158 L E) 178 L Ans:  D 59. The average distance from Earth to the sun is 9.3 × 107 miles. How many kilometers is this? A) 1.5 × 108 km D) 1.7 × 10–8 km B) 1.5 × 105 km E) 1.5 × 1011 km C) 5.6 × 107 km Ans:  A 60. What is the area, in square centimeters, of an 8.5 inch by 11 inch sheet of paper? A) 94 cm2 B) 240 cm2 C) 420 cm2 D) 6.0 × 102 cm2 E) 1.2 × 104 cm2 Ans:  D 61. Suppose a house has a floor area of 2,250 square feet. What is this area in units of square centimeters? A) 2.42 cm2 D) 6.86 × 104 cm2 B) 2.09 × 106 cm2 E) 101 cm2 C) 5.02 × 104 cm2 Ans:  B 62. What is the volume, in cubic inches, of a brick that is 4.0 in × 2.7 in × 8.0 in? A) 15 in3 B) 51 in3 C) 78 in3 D) 87 in3 E) 150 in3 Ans:  D 63. What is the volume, in cubic centimeters, of a brick that is 4.0 in × 2.7 in × 8.0 in? A) 5.3 cm3 B) 53 cm3 C) 87 cm3 D) 4.8 × 102 cm3 E) 1.4 × 103 cm3 Ans:  E 64. How many square kilometers are equivalent to 28.5 cm2? A) 2.85 × 10–9 km2 D) 2.85 × 10–4 km2 B) 2.85 × 10–6 km2 E) none of these C) 285 km2 Ans:  A 65. If a car has an EPA mileage rating of 30 miles per gallon, what is this rating in kilometers per liter? (1 L = 1.06 qt) A) 200 km/L B) 180 km/L C) 70 km/L D) 13 km/L E) 11 km/L Ans:  D 66. If the price of gasoline is $3.85 per U.S. gallon, what is the cost per liter? (1 L = 1.06 qt) A) $1.02/L B) $14.60/L C) $0.96/L D) $3.85/L E) $3.63/L Ans:  A 67. An aluminum beverage can contain 12.0 fluid ounces of liquid. Express this volume in liters. (1 fl oz = 29.6 mL) A) 4.07 × 10-2 L B) 0.355 L C) 0.407 L D) 2.46 L E) 3.55 × 102 L Ans:  B 68. 1.572 × 108 troy oz of silver were used in the United States in 1980. How many kilograms is this? (1 troy oz = 31.1 g) A) 4.89 × 106 kg D) 4.89 x 1012 kg B) 4.89 kg E) 5.05 × 10 3 kg C) 5.05 × 10 6 kg Ans:  A 69. A piece of metal with a mass of 611 g is placed into a graduated cylinder that contains 25.1 mL of water, raising the water level to 56.7 mL. What is the density of the metal? A) 2.70 g/cm3 B) 7.13 g/cm3 C) 8.96 g/cm3 D) 10.5 g/cm3 E) 19.3 g/cm3 Ans:  E 70. A piece of a metal alloy with a mass of 114 g was placed into a graduated cylinder that contained 25.0 mL of water, raising the water level to 42.5 mL. What is the density of the metal? A) 0.154 g/cm3 D) 6.51 g/cm3 B) 0.592 g/cm3 E) 7.25 g/cm3 C) 2.68 g/cm3 Ans:  D 71. A block of iron has a mass of 826 g. What is the mass of a block of magnesium that has the same volume as the block of iron? The following densities at 25°C are provided: magnesium, 1.7 g/cm3 ; graphite, 1.8 g/cm3 ; iron, 7.9 g/cm3. A) 1,400 g B) 3,800 g C) 830 g D) 180 g E) none of them are within 10 g of the right answer. Ans:  D 72. A block of iron has a mass of 483 g. What is the mass of a block of graphite that has the same volume as the block of iron? The following densities at 25°C are provided: magnesium, 1.7 g/cm3 ; graphite, 1.8 g/cm3 ; iron, 7.9 g/cm3. A) 110 g B) 2120 g C) 6870 g D) 34 g E) none of them are within 10 g of the right answer. Ans:  A 73. Calculate the mass of the air contained in a room that measures 2.50 m × 5.50 m × 3.00 m (density of air = 1.29 g/dm3 at 25°C). A) 3.13 × 10 –5 g B) 32.0 kg C) 53.2 kg D) 53.2 g E) None of the above. Ans:  C 74. Iridium is essentially tied with osmium for the distinction of being called the “densest element” with a density of 22.5 g/cm3. What would be the mass in pounds of a 1.0 ft × 1.0 ft × 1.0 ft cube of iridium. (1 lb = 453.6 g) A) 1.5 lb B) 5.2 lb C) 6.20 lb D) 1.4 × 103 lb E) 6.4 × 105 lb Ans:  D 75. The Hope diamond weighs 44.0 carats. Determine the volume occupied by the diamond, given that its density is 3.5 g/cm3 at 20°C, and that 1 carat = 0.200 g. A) 2.5 cm3 B) 0.40 cm3 C) 0.016 cm3 D) 63 cm3 E) 150 cm3 Ans:  A 76. The density of mercury is 13.6 g/cm3. What is the mass in pounds of 1.0 gallons of mercury? (1 lb = 453.6 g; 1 gal = 3.785 L) A) 0.11 lb B) 30. lb C) 51 lb D) 83 lb E) 110 lb Ans:  E 77. The density of mercury is 13.6 g/cm3. What volume (in quarts) is occupied by 100. g of Hg? (1 L = 1.06 qt) A) 144 qt B) 7.35 qt C) 7.79 qt D) 7.79 × 10–3 qt E) 1.44 × 10–4 qt Ans:  D 78. The "escape velocity" from Earth (the speed required to escape Earth's gravity) is 2.5 × 104 miles per hour. What is this speed in m/s? (1 mile = 1609 m) A) 4.2 × 10–3 m/s D) 1.1 × 104 m/s B) 6.9 m/s E) 4.0 × 107 m/s C) 4.2 × 102 m/s Ans:  D 79. Which of the following speeds is the greatest? (1 mile = 1609 m) A) 40 mi/h D) 0.74 km/min B) 2.0 × 105 mm/min E) 400 m/min C) 40 km/h Ans:  A 80. Convert 4.5 m3 to L A) 4.5 x 10-1 L D) 4.5x103 L B) 4.5 x 101 L E) 4.5 x 102L C) 4.5 x 10-3 L Ans:  D 81. Convert 6.4 mm3 to mL A) 6.4 x 10-3 mL D) 6.4 x 10-2 mL B) 6.4 x 10-1 mL E) 6.4 mL C) 6.4 x 103 mL Ans:  A 82. Convert 7.2 cm3 to mm3 A) 7.2 x 101 mm3 D) 7.2 x 102 mm3 B) 7.2 x 10-5 mm3 E) 7.2 x 103 mm3 C) 7.2 x 10-3 mm3 Ans:  E 83. Convert 4.6 km to mm. A) 4.6 x 106 mm D) 4.6 x 10-2 mm B) 4.6 x 103 mm E) 4.6 x 104 mm C) 4.6 x 10-6 mm Ans:  A 84. Convert 4.89 mm to µm. A) 4.89 x 10-6 µm D) 4.89 x 106 µm B) 4.89 x 10-3 µm E) 4.89 x 109 µm C) 4.89 x 103 µm Ans:  C 85. Give the correct number of significant figures and units to the problem below. 56 mm + 4.5 m = A) 61 mm B) 61 m C) 61 m2 D) 4.6 m E) 4.56 m Ans:  D 86. Give the correct number of significant figures and units to the problem below. 3.4 x 10-2 mg + 448 µg = A) 0.48 mg B) 0.482 mg C) 4.5 mg D) 4.48 mg E) 4.5 x 102 mg Ans:  B 87. Give the correct number of significant figures and units to the problem below 58.00 mg – 45.22 µg = A) 57.95 mg B) 12.78 mg C) 12.78 µg D) 57.55 µg E) 12.78 mg2 Ans:  A 88. Give the correct number of significant figures and units to the problem below 4.51 m x 3.2 m = A) 14.4 m B) 14 m C) 14 m2 D) 14.4 E) 14.4 m2 Ans:  C 89. Give the correct number of significant figures and units to the problem below 4.5 m / 8.52 m = A) 0.528 m B) 0.53 m C) 0.53 m2 D) 0.53 E) 0.528 m2 Ans:  D 90. Give the correct number of significant figures and units to the problem below 8.22 m2 / 9.11 m = A) 0.902 m2 B) 0.902 m3 C) 0.902 m D) 0.902 E) 0.90 m2 Ans:  C 91. Give the correct number of significant figures and units to the problem below 5.46 m3/ 2.01 m2 = A) 2.72 m5 B) 2.72 m3 C) 2.72 m2 D) 2.72 m E) 2.72 m-1 Ans:  D 92. Give the correct number of significant figures and units to the problem below 5.67 m/ 2.04 m2 = A) 2.78 m3 B) 2.78 m2 C) 2.78 m D) 2.78 E) 2.78 m-1 Ans:  E 93. Give the correct number of significant figures and units to the problem below (3.45 m + 2.78 m)/ 565 s = A) 1.10 x 10-2 m2/s D) 1.10 x 10-2 s B) 1.10 x 10-2 m/s E) 1.10 x 10-2 m2 C) 1.10 x 10-2 s-1 Ans:  B 94. Give the correct number of significant figures and units to the problem below (5.62 cm – 0.45 cm)/ 342 s = A) 1.51 x 10-2 s-1 D) 1.5 s-1 B) 1.5 x 10-2 cm2/s E) 1.51 x 10-2 cm2·s C) 1.51 x 10-2 cm/s Ans:  C 95. A long course triathlon entails a 2.0 mile swim, an 85.5 mile bike ride and a 15.0 mile run. What is the total distance in kilometers for the triathlon? A) 160 km B) 165 km C) 103 km D) 164.9 km E) 102.5 km Ans:  D 96. A cyclist averages 18.5 miles per hour. How many minutes will it take for him to complete a 125 kilometer race? A) 252 min B) 652 min C) 420 min D) 1440 min E) 405 min Ans:  A 97. A runner averages 8 minutes and 25 seconds per mile. What is her average velocity in miles per hour? A) 7.27 mi/hr B) 7.13 mi/hr C) 8.42 mi/hr D) 4.36 mi/hr E) 0.140 mi/hr Ans:  B 98. Iron has a density of 7.87 g/cm3. What mass of iron would be required to cover a football playing surface of 120 yds × 60 yds to a depth of 1.0 mm? (1 inch = 2.54 cm; 1 lb = 453.6 g) A) 6.4 × 103 lb D) 4.7 × 107 lb B) 6.4 × 104 lb E) 4.7 × 108 lb C) 1.0 × 105 lb Ans:  C 99. Americans combined drive about 4.0×109 miles per day and their vehicles get an average of 20 miles per gallon of fuel used. For each 1 kg of gasoline that is burned, about 3.0 kg of CO2 are produced. How many kilograms of CO2 are emitted into the atmosphere each day by cars in the U.S.? One gallon of gas weighs about 3.5 kg. A) 2.1 × 109 kg D) 93 kg B) 8.4 × 1011 kg E) none of these C) 1.7 × 108 kg Ans:  A 100. How many cubic centimeters of an ore containing only 0.22% gold (by mass) must be processed to obtain $100.00 worth of gold? The density of the ore is 8.0 g/cm3 and the price of gold is $818 per troy ounce. (14.6 troy oz = 1.0 ordinary pound, called an avoirdupois pound; 1 lb = 454 g) A) 0.48 cm3 D) 1.7 × 103 cm3 B) 220 cm3 E) 1.8 × 104 cm3 C) 1.4 × 103 cm3 Ans:  B 101. Radio waves travel at the speed of light, which is 3.00 × 108 m/s. How many minutes does it take for a radio message to reach Earth from Saturn if Saturn is 7.9 × 108 km from Earth? A) 4.4 × 10–2 min D) 44 min B) 1.6 × 105 min E) 2.6 min C) 4.0 × 1015 min Ans:  D 102. Radio waves travel at the speed of light, which is 3.00 × 108 m/s. How many kilometers will radio messages travel in exactly one year? A) 9.46 × 1015 km D) 9.46 × 1012 km B) 7.30 × 108 km E) 3.33 × 10–3 km C) 7.10 × 1010 km Ans:  D 103. The city of Los Angeles is now approximately 2400 miles south of Alaska. It is moving slowly northward as the San Andreas fault slides along. If Los Angeles is to arrive near Anchorage, Alaska, in 76 million years, at what average rate will it have to move in mm per month? A) 2.0 × 10–10 mm/mo. D) 9.5 mm/mo. B) 6.6 × 10–6 mm/mo. E) 51 mm/mo. C) 4.2 mm/mo. Ans:  C 104. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) of calcium is 1.2 g. Calcium carbonate contains 12.0% calcium by mass. How many grams of calcium carbonate are needed to provide the RDA of calcium? A) 0.10 g B) 0.14 g C) 1.2 g D) 10 g E) 14 g Ans:  D 105. A spherical vessel (diameter = 2.00 cm) when empty has a mass of 2.00 g. What is the greatest volume of water that can be placed in the vessel and still have the vessel float at the surface of water? (Given: density of water = 1.00 g/cm3) A) 2.00 mL B) 31.5 mL C) 2.19 mL D) 4.19 mL E) the vessel will not float even when empty Ans:  C 106. A spherical vessel (diameter = 5.00 cm) when empty has a mass of 12.00 g. What is the greatest volume of water that can be placed in the vessel and still have the vessel float at the surface of benzene? (Given: density of water = 1.00 g/cm3; density of benzene = 0.879 g/cm3) A) 45.5 mL B) 448 mL C) 53.4 mL D) 57.5 mL E) 65.4 mL Ans:  A 107. One of the common intravenous fluids, called physiological saline, is a homogeneous mixture of NaCl in water. In this mixture, 0.89% of the mass is contributed by the NaCl. What mass of NaCl is found in 450. mL of physiological saline? (Given: density of physiological saline = 1.005 g/cm3) A) 2.0 g B) 4.0 g C) 5.1 g D) 508 g E) 400 g Ans:  B 108. A special flask used in the determination of densities, called a pycnometer, has a mass of 16.3179 g when empty, and it has a mass of 48.0250 g when filled with water at 20.0°C. When this same pycnometer is filled with ethyl alcohol at 20.0°C, it is found to have a mass of 41.3934 g. Find the density of ethyl alcohol at 20.0°C. (Given: at 20.0°C, the density of water is 0.9982 g/mL) A) 0.7894 g/mL D) 1.303 g/mL B) 0.7923 g/mL E) 0.7674 g/mL C) 0.7908 g/mL Ans:  A 109. A particular flask has a mass of 17.4916 g when empty. When filled with ordinary water at 20.0°C (density = 0.9982 g/mL), the mass of the flask is now 43.9616 g. The density of so-called “heavy water” at 20.0°C is 1.1053 g/mL. What will the mass of the flask be when filled with heavy water at 20.0°C? A) 29.2573 g B) 46.8016 g C) 46.7489 g D) 29.3100 g E) 43.9140 g Ans:  B 110. Define matter. Ans: Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. 111. Define pure substance. Ans: Matter that has a definite composition 112. Give three examples of pure substances. Ans: (Answers will vary.) Gold, sugar, oxygen, argon, water, methane 113. Define mixture. Ans: A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities. 114. Give three examples of mixtures. Ans: (Answers will vary.) Air, gasoline, sea water, salt and sand, iron filings and sand 115. Define element. Ans: An element is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. 116. Define compound. Ans: A compound is a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions. 117. Classify the following as a pure substance or a mixture: Ice cream. Ans: Mixture 118. Classify the following as a pure substance or a mixture: Bread. Ans: Mixture 119. Classify the following as a pure substance or a mixture: Seven-Up®. Ans: Mixture 120. Classify the following as an element, a compound, or a mixture: Air. Ans: Mixture 121. Classify the following as an element, a compound, or a mixture: Table salt (non-iodized). Ans: Compound 122. Classify the following as an element, a compound, or a mixture: Iced tea. Ans: Mixture 123. Classify the following as an element, a compound, or a mixture: Oxygen gas. Ans: Element 124. Classify the following as a mixture, a compound, or an element: Brewed coffee, ready to drink. Ans: Mixture 125. Classify the following as a mixture, a compound, or an element: Sugar to put in a cup of coffee. Ans: Compound 126. Classify the following as a mixture, a compound, or an element: Milk. Ans: Mixture 127. A pure yellow crystalline substance, when heated in a vacuum, releases a greenish gas and a red powder. Is the original yellow crystalline substance a compound or element? Ans: Compound 128. What are the three states of matter? Ans: Solid, liquid, and gas Section:  1.5 129. What are the common names for the solid, liquid, and gaseous states of water? Ans: Ice, water, and steam Section:  1.5 130. Give examples of three physical properties. Ans: (Answers will vary.) Melting point, boiling point, density, color 131. Identify the following as a physical or chemical change: Bacteria convert milk to yogurt. Ans: Chemical 132. Identify the following as a physical or chemical change: Hydrogen gas and nitrogen gas are combined to form ammonia gas. Ans: Chemical 133. Identify the following as a physical or chemical change: Formation of snowflakes. Ans: Physical 134. Identify the following as a physical or chemical change: Corrosion of a metal. Ans: Chemical 135. Identify the following as a physical or chemical change: Ripening of fruit. Ans: Chemical 136. Identify the following as a physical or chemical change: Fashioning a table leg from a piece of wood. Ans: Physical 137. Identify the following as a physical or chemical change: Fermenting grapes. Ans: Chemical 138. Classify the following as a physical or chemical change: Antifreeze boils out of a radiator. Ans: Physical 139. Classify the following as a physical or chemical change: Food spoils. Ans: Chemical 140. Classify the following as a physical or chemical change: Alcohol evaporates. Ans: Physical 141. Classify the following as either a physical or a chemical property: Water boils at 100°C. Ans: Physical 142. Classify the following as either a physical or a chemical property: Newspaper burns. Ans: Chemical 143. In the process of fixing breakfast you: 1. break open the egg 2. fry it 3. cut the fried egg into pieces 4. toast a slice of bread 5. cut the toast in half Which of these are chemical processes? Ans: 2 (frying the egg) and 4 (toasting the bread) 144. Classify the following as an intensive or an extensive property: Density Ans: intensive 145. Classify the following as an intensive or an extensive property: Length Ans: extensive 146. Classify the following as an intensive or an extensive property: Cost per unit Ans: intensive 147. Classify the following as an intensive or an extensive property: Total cost Ans: extensive 148. Classify the following as an intensive or an extensive property: Melting point Ans: intensive 149. Classify the following as an intensive or an extensive property: Boiling point Ans: intensive 150. Classify the following as an intensive or an extensive property: mass Ans: extensive 151. 0 K is the lowest temperature that can be attained theoretically. Ans:  True 152. What is the lowest temperature that can be attained in units of °C (use 3 significant figures)? Ans: – 273 °C 153. An organic liquid has a density of 1.2 g/cm3. What is the mass of a 35.0 cm3 sample of this liquid? Ans: 42 g 154. What is the density of copper if 11.8 cm3 of copper has a mass of 105.2 g? Ans: 8.92 g/cm3 155. What is the density of a salt solution if 75.0 mL of the solution has a mass of 32.0 g? Ans: 0.427 g/mL 156. The weight of a body varies according to the force of gravity exerted on the body. Ans:  True 157. The mass of a body varies according to the force of gravity exerted on the body. Ans:  False 158. The SI base unit of time is the hour. Ans:  False 159. 20°C is colder than 40°F. Ans:  False 160. 16 megagrams (Mg) is equal to 1.6 × 107 g. Ans:  True 161. How many significant figures does the number 30.40 contain? Ans: 4 Section:  1.8 162. How many significant figures does the number 0.07010 contain? Ans: 4 Section:  1.8 163. The number 9.64000 × 105 contains how many significant figures? Ans: 6 Section:  1.8 164. An automobile engine has a piston displacement of 1,600 cm3. Express this volume in liters. Ans: 1.6 L 165. An automobile engine has a piston displacement of 1,600 cm3. Express this volume in cubic inches. (1 in = 2.54 cm) Ans: 98 in3 166. An investor paid market price for a chunk of gold that he was told was pure. The gold bar had a mass of 440 g, but was slightly irregular so an exact volume could not be calculated. The investor filled a large graduated cylinder with water, immersed the chunk of gold, and observed an increase in the apparent volume of material in the graduated cylinder of 25.0 mL. Pure gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm3. Did the investor get his money's worth? Why or why not? Ans: No. The investor's metal density is 17.6 g/cm3, thus the bar must not be pure gold. 167. An American engineer who had been transferred to Europe was asked to build bridge pilings exactly as he had in the United States. Each piling required 20.0 cubic yards of concrete in the United States. How many cubic meters of concrete are required for each piling? Given: 1 yd = 0.914 m. Ans: 15.3 m3 168. A soft drink costs 75 cents for a 12-oz can. A two-liter bottle costs $1.25. In which form is the soft drink more expensive? How much more expensive? (1.0 L = 1.057 qt, 1 qt = 32 oz) Ans: The two-liter bottle is the better value. The can is over three times more expensive by volume. 169. A person weighs 150.0 lb, and the correct dosage of a drug is given as 1.50 mg per kilogram of body weight. How many milligrams of the drug should be given? (2.20 lb = 1 kg) Ans: 102 mg 170. An archeologist finds a huge monolith in the desert. In order to estimate the weight of this object; he estimates the dimensions of the monolith and removes some chips from the rock with his hammer, collecting the following data: dimensions of the monolith = 1.5 m × 5.2 m × 13 m mass of rock chips = 41.73 g volume of rock chips = 15.2 cm3 Determine the mass of the monolith in pounds, assuming it is of uniform composition. (1 lb = 453.6 g) Ans: 6.1 × 105 lb 171. An excavator is preparing to dig a basement for a new house. Part of his contract reads that he must dispose of all the dirt he removes while digging the basement in an EPA approved landfill. He will dig a hole that is 40 feet wide by 50 feet long and 7.5 feet deep. He first uses his shovel and scoops up 1.00 kg of dirt, and then determines that the dirt has a volume of 600 cm3. The excavator knows that his dump truck can only carry 8,000 kg of dirt. How many dump-truck loads will it take to haul the dirt away? Ans: 89 dump-truck loads 172. What will be the cost of gasoline for a 3,700-mile trip in a car that gets 23 miles per gallon, if the average price of gas is $3.90 per gallon? Ans: $630 173. What will be the cost of gasoline for a 4,700-mile automobile trip if the car gets 41 miles per gallon, and the average price of gas is $3.79 per gallon? Ans: $430 174. The density of lead is 11.4 g/cm3. Express this density in pounds per cubic foot. Ans: 711 lbs/ft3 175. What is the mass of 1.00 dm3 of mercury? The density of mercury is 13.6 g/cm3. Ans: 1.36 × 104 g