Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders

Abnormal Psychology Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders 1. What emotion is characterized by a general sense of danger, dread, and physiological arousal? a. anger b. anxiety c. fear d. obsession Ans: b 2. _______ is an unpleasant emotion characterized by a general sense of danger, dread, and physiological arousal. Ans: anxiety 3. Anxiety is to fear as: a. immediate is to future b. future is to immediate c. general is to specific d. specific is to general Ans: c 4. What are the components of anxiety? a. emotional and cognitive b. behavioral and physical c. both a and b d. neither a nor b Ans: c 5. The text authors suggest that anxiety and fear are normal because: a. they are adaptive responses to threatening or dangerous situations. b. they are common responses to a variety of everyday situations. c. they produce physiological sensations that are normal and common. d. they occur on a daily basis in most children and adults in the U.S. Ans: a 6. Ben sees a snake in his yard. Instantly, he feels scared; he thinks that the snake will bite him. Ben runs into the house. Ben exhibits which components of anxiety? a. behavioral, physical, emotional b. behavioral, cognitive, emotional c. cognitive, physical, emotional d. cognitive, physical, behavioral Ans: b 7. Shari is experiencing intense feelings of anxiety. What factor determines whether Shari is showing normal anxiety or symptoms of an anxiety disorder? a. whether she is experiencing physical symptoms b. whether she recognizes that she is anxious c. the context she is in when she feels anxious d. whether other people feel anxious at the same time Ans: c 8. True or False: People with anxiety disorders experience anxiety when there is little or no danger. Ans: true 9. ______ _______ is the degree to which an individual is predisposed to respond to a variety of situations with more or less anxiety. Ans: Trait anxiety Reference: See page 113 of your text. 10. _______ is the degree to which an individual is predisposed to respond to a variety of situations with more or less anxiety. a. State anxiety b. Characteristic anxiety c. Trait anxiety d. Continuous anxiety Ans: c Reference: See page 113 of your text. 11. A transitory emotional experience that occurs in response to a specific external threat is called ______ _______. Ans: state anxiety Reference: See page 113 of your text. 12. A transitory emotional experience that occurs in response to a specific external threat is called ______ _______. a. State anxiety b. Characteristic anxiety c. Trait anxiety d. Continuous anxiety Ans: a Reference: See page 113 of your text. 13. Julie feels very anxious most of the time, in a wide variety of situations. Based on this information alone, which of the following best describes Julie? a. Low state anxiety b. High state anxiety c. Low trait anxiety d. High trait anxiety Ans: d Reference: See page 113 of your text. 14. Marcus rarely feels anxious, even when faced with actual danger. However, when he has to speak in public, he becomes extremely anxious. Which of the following best describes Marcus? a. Low state anxiety, low trait anxiety b. High state anxiety, low trait anxiety c. Low state anxiety, high trait anxiety d. High state anxiety, high trait anxiety Ans: b Reference: See page 113 of your text. 15. Abnormal anxiety is defined as anxiety that: a. occurs in response to a true threat or danger. b. occurs in an inappropriate context or is overly intense. c. occurs in an inappropriate context and is overly intense. d. occurs in response to a true danger but is not intense. Ans: b and 2 Reference: See page 113 of your text. 16. True or False: Anxiety disorders are the least common type of psychological disorder in the U.S. Ans: false Reference: See page 113 of your text. 17. Which of the following is true about the category of psychological disorders known as anxiety disorders? a. This category includes all disorders in which anxiety is the main symptom. b. Approximately 15% of people in the U.S. have an anxiety disorder in any given year. c. This category includes six main anxiety disorders. d. All of the above are true. Ans: d Reference: See pages 113 and 115 of your text. 18. In any given year, ____ percent of the U.S. population has an anxiety disorder. Ans: 15 Reference: See page 113 of your text. 19. People with anxiety disorders are to high risk-takers as: a. normal is to abnormal b. adventurous is to avoidant c. high anxiety is to low anxiety d. criminal is to prosocial Ans: c Reference: See page 114 of your text. 20. True or False: A person can experience too little anxiety. Ans: true Reference: See page 114 of your text. 21. Very low levels of anxiety are associated with: a. High levels of risk taking behavior b. Low levels of substance-related disorders c. Low levels of criminal behavior d. High levels of obesity and eating disorders Ans: a Reference: See page 114 of your text. 22. What group of people has been shown to have usually low levels of anxiety? a. People with antisocial personality disorder b. Convicted criminals c. People training to be police officers d. All of the above Ans: d Reference: See page 114 of your text. 23. How is anxiety useful? a. Anxiety helps people take risks that they would not otherwise take. b. Anxiety helps people learn socially appropriate behavior. c. Anxiety is a feeling and all feelings are useful, even if intense. d. Anxiety causes people to ignore dangerous or threatening situations. Ans: b Reference: See page 114 of your text. 24. How does anxiety relate to high risk-taking? a. High risk takers experience intense anxiety, which is “burned off” by taking risks. b. High risk takers have learned that it is healthy to do things that are frightening. c. Underaroused people with little anxiety take risks in order to increase arousal. d. Underaroused people take risks in order to experience pathological anxiety. Ans: c Reference: See page 114 of your text. 25. What type of anxiety disorder has the highest lifetime prevalence rate? a. generalized anxiety disorder b. panic disorder c. phobias d. obsessive-compulsive disorder Ans: c Reference: See page 115 of your text. 26. The anxiety disorder with the highest lifetime prevalence rate is _________. Ans: phobias Reference: See page 115 of your text. 27. Georgia worries excessively about her finances, the performance of her children in school, and about the health of her parents. She has had such worries pretty much every day for the past 8 months, and she feels that she cannot control her worries. She is tired all the time, has difficulty concentrating, and has trouble sleeping. Based on these symptoms, what disorder does Georgia seem to have? a. generalized anxiety disorder b. panic disorder c. obsessive-compulsive disorder d. posttraumatic stress disorder Ans: a Reference: See page 115 of your text. 28. People with ______________ experience chronic and pervasive anxiety and feel tense and worried most of the time. Ans: generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) Reference: See page 115 of your text. 29. On a regular basis for the past year, a man has experienced fatigue, irritability, and restless sleep, along with persistent worries about a number of different issues in his life. What is the most likely diagnosis? a. dysthymia b. generalized anxiety disorder c. major depressive disorder d. obsessive-compulsive disorder Ans: b Reference: See page 115 of your text. 30. True or False: For most people who suffer from GAD, the anxiety is not limited to a specific situation. Ans: true Reference: See page 116 of your text. 31. How does panic disorder differ from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? a. Panic disorder involves chronic but mild anxiety, whereas GAD involves acute episodes of extreme anxiety. b. GAD involves chronic but mild anxiety, whereas panic disorder involves acute episodes of extreme anxiety. c. Panic disorder includes a variety of non-anxiety related symptoms, whereas GAD includes only anxiety and nervousness. d. GAD causes impairment in functioning whereas people with panic disorder experience no impairment from the disorder. Ans: b Reference: See page 116 of your text. 32. Nate was riding the bus home one day when he suddenly felt hot and sweaty, and short of breath. He realized that his heart was racing and he felt dizzy. Nate feared that he was dying or going crazy. He got off the bus, went to the emergency room and was told that he was fine. Which of the following best describes this experience? a. true alarm response b. phobic reaction c. panic attack d. anxious apprehension Ans: c Reference: See page 116 of your text. 33. LaToya has experienced several discrete episodes of intense terror during which she feared that she was having a heart attack. She worries constantly about having more episodes like this, so she has begun to avoid the situations in which she previously had them. Which of the following best fits LaToya? a. generalized anxiety disorder b. obsessive-compulsive disorder c. panic disorder d. posttraumatic stress disorder Ans: b Reference: See page 116 of your text. 34. In panic disorder, the feared object or situation is: a. being in wide open spaces b. being embarrassed c. catching a disease d. having a panic attack Ans: d Reference: See page 117 of your text. 35. Stella is so afraid of panic attacks that she has become housebound; this condition is known as ___________. a. agoraphobia b. claustrophobia c. panic phobia d. social phobia Ans: a Reference: See page 117 of your text. 36. Gary is so afraid of panic attacks that he has become housebound; this condition is known as ___________. Ans: agoraphobia Reference: See page 117 of your text. 37. Of the people who go to hospital emergency rooms complaining of severe chest pain, what percentage are actually experiencing a panic attack? a. 5-8% b. 8-16% c. 16-25% d. 25-34% Ans: c Reference: See page 117 of your text. 38. Which of the following is NOT true about panic disorder? a. The feared object or situation is a panic attack. b. Avoidance associated with panic disorder is called agoraphobia. c. People with panic disorder are less sensitive to bodily sensations than other people. d. Effective treatment for this disorder involves a technique called interoceptive exposure. Ans: c Reference: See pages 117 & 134 of your text. 39. An intense, persistent, and irrational fear of a specific object or situation is a _______. Ans: phobia Reference: See page 117 of your text. 40. _______ is an intense, persistent, and irrational fear of a specific object or situation. a. Agoraphobia b. A panic attack c. A phobia d. A situational fear Ans: c Reference: See page 117 of your text. 41. A man experiences recurrent panic attacks in elevators, rooms without windows, and other small places, and regularly avoids such places, despite the fact that his job requires use of an elevator. In those places listed, he experiences extreme shortness of breath, dizziness, and fear of dying from suffocation. These symptoms don’t scare him, but the situations do. What is his most likely diagnosis? a. generalized anxiety disorder b. panic disorder c. posttraumatic stress disorder d. specific phobia Ans: d Reference: See page 118 of your text. 42. A woman has always disliked clowns. However, she has very little reason to encounter them. When she does, she feels uncomfortable. She makes no effort to approach them, but she also makes no effort to avoid them. What is the most likely diagnosis? a. agoraphobia b. generalized anxiety disorder c. specific phobia d. no diagnosis Ans: d Reference: See page 118 of your text. 43. A person who fears social situations or other activities where there is a possibility of being observed or judged has ____________. Ans: social phobia Reference: See page 118 of your text. 44. Scott is intensely afraid of talking to women he does not know. Specifically, he is afraid that he will say or do something to humiliate himself, and that the woman will think that he is an idiot. This fear causes Scott to avoid talking to women he does not know, even in work situations; his ability to be promoted is limited by this avoidance. In addition, he has never had a date, even though he is 32. Which of the following best fits Scott? a. generalized anxiety disorder b. social phobia c. specific phobia d. no diagnosis Ans: b Reference: See page 118 of your text. 45. People with agoraphobia are afraid of: a. being embarrassed or humiliated in front of others b. being in a public place c. having a panic attack where it might be difficult to escape or get help d. having anxiety or a panic attack in a closed place Ans: c Reference: See page 119 of your text. 46. Which of the following is NOT one of DSM-IV-TR types of specific phobia? a. animal type b. clown and doll type c. natural environment type d. situational type Ans: b Reference: See page 119 of your text. 47. The most common fears experienced by children are of which type(s)? a. animal and natural environment b. blood-injury-injection c. situational and natural environment d. animal and situational Ans: a Reference: See page 118 of your text. 48. Unwanted and upsetting thoughts or impulses are ____________. Ans: obsessions Reference: See page 119 of your text. 49. Unwanted and upsetting thoughts or impulses are: a. anxieties b. compulsions c. obsessions d. schemas Ans: c Reference: See page 119 of your text. 50. An irrational ritual that is repeated over and over again in an effort to control or neutralize the anxiety brought on by an unwanted, upsetting thought or impulse is a(n): a. compulsion b. obsession c. schema d. worry Ans: a Reference: See page 119 of your text. 51. An irrational ritual that is repeated over and over again in an effort to control or neutralize the anxiety brought on by an unwanted, upsetting thought or impulse is a(n) __________. Ans: compulsion Reference: See page 119 of your text. 52. Julie constantly worries that her house will burn down if she does not unplug and check all of her electrical appliances before she leaves the house. She has developed a routine of unplugging and checking that takes her about 1 hour to complete before she can leave the house. After performing this routine, she feels a little less anxious, although her anxiety quickly returns after she leaves the house. Even though Julie recognizes that her actions are excessive, she feels like she has no control over these behaviors. Based on these symptoms, what problem does Julie seem to have? a. generalized anxiety disorder b. obsessive-compulsive disorder c. panic disorder d. specific phobia Ans: b Reference: See page 120 of your text. 53. A woman is very scared that she will contract a horrible disease so she cleans her house very carefully. She also avoids touching surfaces in public, such as door knobs. She spends about three hours each day cleaning her house and is often late for work because of this. What is her most likely diagnosis? a. generalized anxiety disorder b. hypochrondriasis c. obsessive-compulsive disorder d. specific phobia Ans: c Reference: See page 120 of your text. 54. A disorder characterized by multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics is: a. anxious tic disorder b. obsessive-compulsive disorder c. Tourette’s disorder d. none of the above Ans: c Reference: See page 121 of your text. 55. Tourette’s disorder co-occurs in _____% of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. a. 1-2 b. 5-7 c. 10-13 d. 17-25 Ans: b Reference: See page 121 of your text. 56. True or False: Compulsive behaviors are always logical (but excessive) attempts to reduce the anxiety associated with obsessive thoughts. Ans: False Difficulty level: difficult Reference: See page 122 of your text. 57. How is acute stress disorder (ASD) different from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? a. ASD occurs in response to a relatively common stressor, whereas PTSD occurs in response to a trauma. b. ASD is considered to be a chronic disorder, whereas PTSD is thought to be an acute disorder. c. ASD symptoms last for 2 days to one month, whereas PTSD symptoms last longer than one month. d. ASD symptoms are much more severe than the symptoms of PTSD, which are relatively mild. Ans: c Reference: See page 122 of your text. 58. After being raped, Joyce experienced difficulty sleeping and trouble concentrating. She became detached from others, and disinterested in the things she used to enjoy. She also avoided all thoughts about the rape, and she refused to have sex with her husband. Whenever she saw anyone resembling her rapist, her heart started to pound, she began to sweat, and she developed a panicky feeling. All of these symptoms began immediately after the rape and lasted for two months. Which of the following best describes Joyce’s symptoms? a. acute stress disorder b. posttraumatic stress disorder, acute type c. posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic type d. posttraumatic stress disorder with delayed onset Ans: b Reference: See pages 122 & 123 of your text. 59. Which of the following experiences is least likely to lead to acute stress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder? a. being in a serious car accident b. being raped c. being a prisoner of war d. being a concentration camp survivor Ans: a Reference: See page 122 of your text. 60. The likelihood of developing a stress disorder following a traumatic experience is increased by all of the following EXCEPT: a. preexisting emotional problems b. long and intense exposure to danger c. history of prior traumas d. feeling of relief for surviving trauma Ans: d Reference: See page 122 of your text. 61. During a _______, a person feels as if they are reliving a previously experienced trauma, even though they are in a safe and familiar environment. Ans: flashback Reference: See page 124 of your text. 62. True or False: Trauma survivors who avoid thoughts and feelings associated with the trauma are likely to recover quickly. Ans: false Reference: See page 124 of your text. 63. The Disaster Response Network was created in response to the discovery that: a. many trauma survivors do not have access to mental health professionals in their community. b. large-scale disasters (e.g., earthquakes) can lead to epidemics of PTSD affecting entire communities. c. mental health professionals need a network of assistance in order to cope with secondary trauma. d. chronic exposure to dangerous situations produces unusually high levels of PTSD and other problems. Ans: b Reference: See page 124 of your text. 64. Children who repeat traumatic experiences through their play are showing: a. flashbacks b. learned helplessness c. repetition compulsion d. stress disaster response Ans: c Reference: See page124 of your text. 65. When two disorders occur at the same time in the same person, we say that those disorders are _________. Ans: comorbid Reference: See page 125 of your text. 66. What is the primary advantage of the DSM-IV-TR anxiety disorder diagnoses? a. The anxiety disorders are frequently comorbid with other DSM-IV-TR disorders. b. Anxiety disorder symptoms can be used to describe anyone with a mental disorder. c. The DSM-IV-TR anxiety disorder diagnoses are reliable and they are valid. d. The DSM-IV-TR categories neatly divide complex “real life” clinical conditions. Ans: c Core concept: 4 Reference: See page 125 of your text. 67. True or False: Anxiety disorders are highly comorbid with other anxiety disorders and mood disorders. Ans: true Core concept: 4 Reference: See page 125 of your text. 68. Which anxiety disorder diagnosis is most likely to be comorbid with another DSM-IV-TR diagnosis? a. panic disorder without agoraphobia b. panic disorder with severe agoraphobia c. generalized anxiety disorder d. obsessive-compulsive disorder Ans: c Core concept: 4 Reference: See page 125 of your text. 69. Adults typically experience anxiety ____________, whereas children experience anxiety ______________. a. emotionally and behaviorally; behaviorally and cognitively b. physiologically and emotionally; emotionally, behaviorally, and physically c. behaviorally and physically; cognitively and emotionally d. cognitively, emotionally, and physiologically; behaviorally and physically Ans: d Reference: See page 126 of your text. 70. How do children and adults experience anxiety? a. They experience anxiety in exactly the same way. b. Children experience anxiety in their behaviors and thoughts and adults experience anxiety physically. c. Children are often not distressed by their own anxious behavior, but adults tend to be distressed by their anxiety. d. Adults experience fewer symptoms of anxiety disorders but the symptoms last longer than in children. Ans: c Reference: See page 126 of your text. 71. Which anxiety disorder is rarely found in children? a. generalized anxiety disorder b. obsessive-compulsive disorder c. panic disorder d. specific phobia Ans: c Reference: See page 126 of your text. 72. True or False: Anxiety disorders are 2 to 3 times more common in men than in women. Ans: false Reference: See page 127 of your text. 73. Which anxiety disorder is equally common among men and women? a. generalized anxiety disorder b. obsessive-compulsive disorder c. panic disorder d. social phobia Ans: b Reference: See page 127 of your text. 74. The text provides possible explanations for a gender difference in anxiety disorders. Which of the following is NOT one of those explanations? a. Many women are not taught to be assertive and self-sufficient. b. Menstruating women have fluctuating hormones. c. Women are less likely to be victims of violence. d. Women may be genetically predisposed to anxiety. Ans: c Reference: See page 127 of your text. 75. True or False: Acute stress disorder or PTSD develops in the majority of rape victims. Ans: true Reference: See page 127 of your text. 76. True or False: Men are more likely to be victims of violence. Ans: false Reference: See page 127 of your text. 77. Women are more likely than men to be victims of all of the following EXCEPT: a. murder b. domestic violence c. child sexual abuse d. adult sexual assault Ans: a Reference: See page 127 of your text. 78. What proportion of women experience domestic violence at some point in their lives? a. one-eighth b. one-fourth c. one-third d. one-half Ans: c Reference: See page 127 of your text. 79. True or False: After experiencing a trauma, women are more likely than men to experience PTSD. Ans: true Reference: See page 128 of your text. 80. True or False: People who live in poor urban areas are at increased risk for developing PTSD. Ans: true Reference: See page 128 of your text. 81. True or False: People who live in poor urban areas are less likely then people living in other areas to experience trauma. Ans: false Reference: See page 128 of your text. 82. Which of the following increases the likelihood of developing a stress disorder following a traumatic experience? a. living in a poor urban environment b. experiencing high levels of psychological stress prior to the trauma c. lacking social support after a trauma d. all of the above Ans: d Reference: See page128 of your text. 83. A person in Latin America who has been experiencing headaches, irritability, stomaches, and difficulty sleeping or concentrating for the past month would be described as having: a. generalized anxiety disorder b. nervios c. ataque de nervios d. ataque de loco Ans: b Core concept: 3 Reference: See page 128 of your text. 84. True or False: Anxiety disorders have universally agreed upon features. Ans: false Core concept: 3 Reference: See page 128 of your text. 85. Panic attack is to the United States as: a. Shenjing shuairuo is to China b. Taijin kyofusho is to Japan c. Ataque de nervios is to Latin America d. PTSD is to Vietnam Ans: c Core concept: 3 Reference: See page 129 of your text. 86. A person in Japan who excessively worries that their body odor is offensive to others is likely to have: a. Ataque de nervios b. Taijin kyofusho c. Shenjing shuairuo d. Jin Shuafusho Ans: b Core concept: 3 Reference: See page 129 of your text. 87. Why was PTSD excluded from DSM until 1980? a. PTSD symptoms were viewed as signs of cowardice rather than disorder. b. PTSD symptoms were considered to be normal rather than pathological. c. PTSD symptoms were not recognized or documented prior to that time. d. PTSD symptoms were easily and quickly treated before that time. Ans: a Core concept: 3 Reference: See page 129 of your text. 88. Joey’s parents brought a puppy home for the first time on the same day of a big thunderstorm. As lightening struck near their home and hail hit the windows of the house, Joey’s parents encouraged him to play with the puppy. Instead, Joey was scared of the puppy and refused to go near it, even after the storm had passed; his parents were forced to give away the puppy. Joey continued to be scared of dogs for many years after that. Which of the following best explains Joey’s fear of dogs? a. classical conditioning b. genetic predisposition c. modeling d. operant conditioning Ans: a Reference: See page 131 of your text. 89. When she was a child, Mary lived with her parents in the Arizona desert. They frequently found tarantulas and other large spiders in the home; Mary’s mom shrieked in fear whenever she saw one. As an adult, Mary refused to go places, such as basements or forests, where she might encounter a spider. Which of the following best explains Mary’s fear of spiders? a. classical conditioning b. genetic predisposition c. modeling d. operant conditioning Ans: c Reference: See page 132 of your text. 90. According to the prepared conditioning theory, which of the following phobias would be most likely? a. gun phobia b. computer phobia c. knife phobia d. snake phobia Ans: d Reference: See page 132 of your text. 91. Juan, who is afraid of dogs, works with his therapist to gradually get closer and closer to a dog, until he eventually can be close to a dog without experiencing fear. Which therapy technique is being used with Juan? a. modeling b. in vivo desensitization c. covert desensitization d. flooding Ans: b Reference: See page 133 of your text. 92. Which intervention technique involves gradual exposure to physiological sensations? a. in vivo exposure b. prolonged imaginal exposure c. exposure and response prevention d. interoceptive exposure Ans: d Reference: See page 134 of your text. 93. Covert response prevention is most likely to be used to treat: a. generalized anxiety disorder b. panic disorder c. obsessive compulsive disorder d. posttraumatic stress disorder Ans: c Reference: See page 134 of your text. 94. True or False: Behavior treatment for PTSD involves avoidance of all feelings, thoughts, and images associated with the trauma. Ans: false Reference: See page 134 of your text. 95. Patterns of thought used to organize information are called cognitive _________. Ans: schemas Reference: See page 135 of your text. 96. “If he doesn’t like me, then no one will!” This is an example of: a. minimization b. emotional reasoning c. over-generalization d. mind reading Ans: c Reference: See page138 of your text. 97. Research by Mogg, Miller, and Bradley (2000) showed that people with GAD are more likely than other people to: a. look at threatening faces before other faces. b. look at pleasant scenes and avoid unpleasant scenes. c. feel angry in response to viewing threatening faces. d. feel relaxed after viewing threatening material. Ans: a Reference: See page 139 of your text. 98. Which of the following is responsible for the physiological changes (heart beating faster, pupils dilating, muscles tensing) associated with anxiety? a. central nervous system b. sympathetic nervous system c. parasympathetic nervous system d. somatic nervous system Ans: b Reference: See page 141 of your text. 99. Which of the following is NOT associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system? a. gamma-aminobutryic acid b. locus coeruleus c. limbic system d. norepinephrine Ans: a Reference: See page 142 of your text. 100. What group of GABA-enhancing drugs is currently used to treat anxiety disorders? a. barbiturates b. benzodiazepines c. beta blockers d. SSRIs Ans: b Reference: See page 144 of your text. Short answer and essay questions 1. Explain why anxiety is normal at one end of the continuum but pathological at the other. 2. Explain the differences in anxiety disorders across at least 3 different cultures. 3. Describe the relationship between classical conditioning and flooding (as a treatment for anxiety disorders). 4. Evaluate the behavioral explanations for anxiety disorders. 5. Compare the behavioral and psychodynamic explanations for phobias.