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Chapter 8
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Curry, Jiobu & Schwirian, Sociology for the 21st Century, Census Update, 5th Edition
Transcript
Chapter 8
Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity
Race and Ethnicity
Race
A group of people who are labeled based on physical features
These features are arbitrary; no pure races exist
Race is a social construct
Ethnicity
A group of people who share common cultural characteristics
These characteristics may include language, place of origin, norms and values
Race and ethnicity sometimes overlap
Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudice
An attitude that predisposes an individual to prejudge an entire category of people
The prejudice is rigid, emotional rather than logical, and resistant to change
Discrimination
The unfair and harmful treatment of people based upon a group membership
May include bias in hiring, promoting, and obtaining membership in social groups
Is separate from prejudice; prejudiced people may or may not discriminate
Patterns of Prejudice
and Discrimination
Stereotypes
Rigid and inaccurate images that summarize a belief
Members of a group are all “stingy” or “clannish”
Have limited facts, so are self-serving
The same characteristics may be interpreted differently depending upon the group
They persist
One group may be elevated over another
Stereotypes simplify thinking
People have limited knowledge about a group
Racial and Ethnic Interaction
Assimilation
Blending of the culture and structure of one group into society
Cultural assimilation: adopting dominant culture as primary culture
Structural assimilation: interaction primarily within own group or not
Pluralism
Ethnic groups maintain distinctiveness
Ethnic revival: demand for autonomy or independence
Symbolic ethnicity: younger generations attempt to preserve ethnic culture
Expulsion and Annihilation
Expulsion
The forceful exclusion of a racial or ethnic group from a society
One group needs sufficient power to do it.
Examples include Native American relocation
Annihilation
The process by which one group exterminates another
Groups could be ethnic, racial, religious, or other
Examples include the Nazi extermination of Jews
White Americans
WASP: white, Anglo-Saxon Protestant
Most powerful group
Original settlers; mostly northern European
White Ethnics
People from other European regions
Most came during period of industrialization
Groups vary in degree of assimilation
Native Americans
Original settlers in U.S.
Number unknown but perhaps 40 million
Tribes
Originally some 500; now about 170
Government policies
Separation: territories were treated as nations
Expulsion: Indian removal, including extermination, to west regions
Forced assimilation: after 1880
Americanizing and dissolution of Indian culture
After 1930, tribal restoration
Largest Native American Tribes
African Americans
Slavery period: settlement to 1865
Original culture lost
Reconstruction to post-WW2
Emancipation and conflict
Legal segregation: “Jim Crow” laws
Contemporary period
Civil rights movement
Brown v. Board of Education
Black Pride and revitalization of African American culture
Continuing struggle with race and class
Hispanic Americans/Latinos
Mexican Americans
Soon to become the largest ethnic minority
Catholic; strong family ties
Settlement in southwest perpetuates native culture
Puerto Rican Americans
Citizens of U.S. (Commonwealth status)
Settlement in northeast
Cuban Americans
Major immigration since 1959
Settlement in Florida
Asian Americans
Chinese Americans
Early immigrants: mines and railroads
Hostility led to urban enclaves
Japanese Americans
Early immigrants soon turned to farming
War relocation and ultimate compensation
Recent Groups
Refugees
New immigration policies
Concept Web Racial and Ethnic Inequality
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Chapter 8
Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity
Race and Ethnicity
Race
A group of people who are labeled based on physical features
These features are arbitrary; no pure races exist
Race is a social construct
Ethnicity
A group of people who share common cultural characteristics
These characteristics may include language, place of origin, norms and values
Race and ethnicity sometimes overlap
Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudice
An attitude that predisposes an individual to prejudge an entire category of people
The prejudice is rigid, emotional rather than logical, and resistant to change
Discrimination
The unfair and harmful treatment of people based upon a group membership
May include bias in hiring, promoting, and obtaining membership in social groups
Is separate from prejudice; prejudiced people may or may not discriminate
Patterns of Prejudice
and Discrimination
Stereotypes
Rigid and inaccurate images that summarize a belief
Members of a group are all “stingy” or “clannish”
Have limited facts, so are self-serving
The same characteristics may be interpreted differently depending upon the group
They persist
One group may be elevated over another
Stereotypes simplify thinking
People have limited knowledge about a group
Racial and Ethnic Interaction
Assimilation
Blending of the culture and structure of one group into society
Cultural assimilation: adopting dominant culture as primary culture
Structural assimilation: interaction primarily within own group or not
Pluralism
Ethnic groups maintain distinctiveness
Ethnic revival: demand for autonomy or independence
Symbolic ethnicity: younger generations attempt to preserve ethnic culture
Expulsion and Annihilation
Expulsion
The forceful exclusion of a racial or ethnic group from a society
One group needs sufficient power to do it.
Examples include Native American relocation
Annihilation
The process by which one group exterminates another
Groups could be ethnic, racial, religious, or other
Examples include the Nazi extermination of Jews
White Americans
WASP: white, Anglo-Saxon Protestant
Most powerful group
Original settlers; mostly northern European
White Ethnics
People from other European regions
Most came during period of industrialization
Groups vary in degree of assimilation
Native Americans
Original settlers in U.S.
Number unknown but perhaps 40 million
Tribes
Originally some 500; now about 170
Government policies
Separation: territories were treated as nations
Expulsion: Indian removal, including extermination, to western regions
Forced assimilation: after 1880
Americanizing and dissolution of Indian culture
After 1930, tribal restoration
Largest Native American Tribes
African Americans
Slavery period: settlement to 1865
Original culture lost
Reconstruction to post-WW2
Emancipation and conflict
Legal segregation: “Jim Crow” laws
Contemporary period
Civil rights movement
Brown v. Board of Education
Black Pride and revitalization of African American culture
Continuing struggle with race and class
Hispanic Americans/Latinos
Mexican Americans
Soon to become the largest ethnic minority
Catholic; strong family ties
Settlement in southwest perpetuates native culture
Puerto Rican Americans
Citizens of U.S. (Commonwealth status)
Settlement in northeast
Cuban Americans
Major immigration since 1959
Settlement in Florida
Asian Americans
Chinese Americans
Early immigrants: mines and railroads
Hostility led to urban enclaves
Japanese Americans
Early immigrants soon turned to farming
War relocation and ultimate compensation
Recent Groups
Refugees
New immigration policies
CONCEPT WEB Racial and Ethnic Inequality
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