Macroeconomics Foundations and Models.docx

Macroeconomics Economics: Foundations and Models 1.1 Three Key Economic Ideas 1) As recently as 2000, ________ percent of doctors were in private practice and by 2013, ________ percent of doctors were in private practice. A) only 20; more than 70 B) nearly 60; less than 40 C) about 50; about 50 D) over 80; less than 15 Answer: B Page Ref: 3/3 Special Feature: Chapter Opener: Is the Private Doctor's Office Going to Disappear? 2) The study of economics arises due to A) money. B) scarcity. C) greed. D) resources. Answer: B *: Recurring 3) Scarcity refers to the situation in which A) unlimited wants exceed limited resources. B) unlimited resources exceed limited wants. C) a country's population is larger than its resource base. D) a nation's poverty level increases faster than its population. Answer: A *: Recurring 4) The basic economic problem of scarcity A) has always existed and will continue to exist. B) will eventually disappear as technology continues to advance. C) is a problem only in developing economies. D) does not apply to the wealthy in society. Answer: A *: Recurring 5) Economics is the study of the ________ people make to attain their goals, given their ________ resources. A) purchases; unlimited B) choices; scarce C) income; available D) decisions; household Answer: B *: Recurring 6) What is an economic model? A) It is a description of an economic issue that includes all possible related information. B) It is a description of an economic issue based on official government information. C) It is a detailed version of some aspect of economic life used to analyze an economic issue. D) It is a simplified version of some aspect of economic life used to analyze an economic issue. Answer: D Topic: Economic Models *: Recurring 7) The term "market" in economics refers to A) a place where money changes hands. B) a legal institution where exchange can take place. C) a group of buyers and sellers of a product and the arrangement by which they come together to trade. D) an organization which sells goods and services. Answer: C Topic: Markets *: Recurring 8) Economists assume that A) individuals behave in unpredictable ways. B) consumer behavior is explained by the existence of unlimited resources. C) people put other people's interests ahead of their own. D) optimal decisions are made at the margin. Answer: D Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 9) Which of the following best describes an assumption economists make about human behavior? A) They assume that individuals act rationally all the time in all circumstances. B) They assume that rational behavior is useful in explaining choices people make even though people may not behave rationally all the time. C) They assume that people take into account the question of fairness in all decisions they make. D) They assume that individuals act randomly. Answer: B Topic: People Are Rational *: Recurring 10) Economists assume that rational people A) never use all available information as they act to achieve their goals. B) undertake activities that benefit others and hurt themselves. C) only weigh the benefits and costs of the most desirable alternative actions. D) respond to economic incentives. Answer: D Topic: People Are Rational *: Recurring 11) Your roommate, Serafina, a psychology major, said, "The problem with economics is that it assumes that consumers and firms always make the correct decision. But we know that everyone's human, and we all make mistakes." Do you agree with her comment? A) Yes, I agree with her. One cannot make predictions about economic behavior because in reality people make incorrect choices in many situations. B) I disagree with her. Economics does not study correct or incorrect behaviors but rather it assumes that economic agents behave rationally, meaning they make the best decisions given their knowledge of the costs and benefits. C) Yes, I agree with her. Economic theory should allow for irrational behavior so that we can have more reliable predictions. D) I disagree with her. If we cannot assume that decisions are correct, then we will not be able to examine the moral implications of these decisions. Answer: B Topic: People Are Rational *: Recurring 12) Consider the following statements: a. Consumers rent more DVDs from a video store that rents DVDs at a lower price than other rival video stores in the area. b. Department stores take steps to increase security since they believe it is more costly to allow shoplifting than to install expensive security monitoring equipment. c. Farmers produce more cotton when its selling price falls. Which of the above statements demonstrates that economic agents respond to incentives? A) a only. B) b only. C) c only. D) a and b. E) a, b, and c. Answer: D Topic: People Respond to Economic Incentives *: Recurring 13) In the first six months of 2003, branches of Commerce Bank in New York City were robbed 14 times. The New York City Police recommended steps the bank could take to deter robberies, including the installation of plastic barriers called "bandit barriers." The police were surprised the bank did not take their advice. According to a deputy commissioner of police, "Commerce does very little of what we recommend. They've told our detectives they have no interest in ever putting in the barriers." It would seem that Commerce bank would have a strong incentive to install "bandit barriers" to deter robberies. Why wouldn't they do it? A) The banks would rather delay installation of any theft deterring equipment in anticipation of new lower cost innovations in the security devices market. B) The banks must have weighed the cost of installing bandit barriers against the benefits and decided that they have "no interest in ever putting in the barriers." C) The banks are concerned that "bandit barriers" would send the wrong message to customers — that the bank is unsafe. D) The banks probably resent any interference from the police department. Answer: B Topic: People Respond to Economic Incentives *: Recurring 14) Holding all other personal characteristics-such as age, gender, and income-constant, economists would expect that A) people without health insurance will be less likely to be overweight than people with health insurance. B) people without health insurance will be more likely to be overweight than people with health insurance. C) people without health insurance will be equally likely to be overweight as people with health insurance. D) there is no correlation between not having health insurance and being overweight. Answer: A Page Ref: 5-7/5-7 Topic: People Respond to Economic Incentives Special Feature: Making the Connection: Does Health Insurance Give People an Incentive to Become Obese? 15) According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ________ in 2013 in which less than 20 percent of the population was considered obese. A) Colorado was the only state B) there were only 5 states C) there were more than 25 states D) there were no states Answer: D Page Ref: 5-7/5-7 Topic: People Respond to Economic Incentives Special Feature: Making the Connection: Does Health Insurance Give People an Incentive to Become Obese? 16) What does the term "marginal" mean in economics? A) the edge of a market B) an additional or extra C) illegal D) secondary E) trivial Answer: B Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 17) An office supply store sells a ream of printer paper at a fixed price of $4.50. Which of the following is a term used by economists to describe the money received from the sale of an additional ream of paper? A) marginal revenue B) gross earnings C) pure profit D) marginal costs E) net benefit Answer: A Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 18) Economics promotes which of the following as the way to make the best decision? A) Continue an enjoyable activity as long as you do not have to pay for it. B) Continue an enjoyable activity until it is no longer enjoyable. C) Continue an enjoyable activity until you cannot afford to pursue it. D) Continue an enjoyable activity up to the point where its marginal benefit equals its marginal cost. Answer: D Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 19) ________ involves undertaking an activity until its marginal benefits equal marginal costs. A) Scarcity reduction B) Central planning C) Marginal analysis D) Market intervention Answer: C Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 20) The revenue received from the sale of an additional unit of a product A) is a marginal benefit to the firm. B) is called profit. C) is called gross sales. D) is called a net gain. Answer: A Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 21) The cost incurred from the production of an additional unit of a product A) is a marginal cost to the firm. B) is called a loss. C) is called opportunity cost. D) must be zero for a firm to be efficient. Answer: A Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 22) Before a doctor decides to keep her office open on Saturdays, she should A) make sure that the marginal cost of doing so will exceed the marginal benefit. B) only consider the increase in total profit from doing so. C) weigh the costs and benefits of staying open on Saturdays before deciding if she should go through with this idea. D) only look at the marginal benefit of doing so, because marginal cost will not change. Answer: C Page Ref: 7-8/7-8 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin Special Feature: Solved Problem: A Doctor Makes a Decision at the Margin 23) If the marginal cost of producing a television is constant at $200, then a firm should produce this item A) only if the marginal benefit it receives is greater than $200 plus an acceptable profit margin. B) as long as the marginal benefit it receives is just equal to or greater than $200. C) as long as its marginal cost does not rise. D) until the marginal benefit it receives reaches zero. Answer: B Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 24) Which of the following is an example of a "how much" decision? A) The Pleasantville movie theatre is open only in the evenings. The theatre's manager is debating whether to add daily matinee shows. B) The Zhous have demolished their old home and are debating whether to build a ranch-style house or a Craftsman home. C) You're planning to hold a graduation party and must decide between having your party catered or having a pot-luck. D) Chelsea has withdrawn from the swim team to take up a full-time job. Answer: A Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 25) Which of the following is an example of a "how much" decision? A) Octavia is debating whether to buy a pair of Jimmy Choo shoes or Steve Madden boots. B) Humberto has taken a second job to earn money to buy a Harley-Davidson SuperLow Sportster. C) You plan on going to Las Vegas for your birthday and are deciding if you should fly or drive. D) Diana is trying to decide if she should open her pet shop on Sundays. Answer: D Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 26) Marginal cost is the ________ associated with undertaking an activity. A) total cost B) extra cost C) opportunity cost D) foregone cost Answer: B Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 27) Cassie's Quilts alters, reconstructs and restores heirloom quilts. Cassie has just spent $800 purchasing, cleaning and reconstructing an antique quilt which she expects to sell for $1,500 once she is finished. After having spent $800, Cassie discovers that she would need some special period fabric that would cost her $200 in material and time in order to complete the task. Alternatively, she can sell the quilt "as is" now for $900. What is her marginal benefit if she sells the quilt "as is" now? A) $100 B) $900 C) She makes a marginal loss of $600, not a marginal benefit. D) The marginal benefit cannot be determined. Answer: B Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 28) Cassie's Quilts alters, reconstructs and restores heirloom quilts. Cassie has just spent $800 purchasing, cleaning and reconstructing an antique quilt which she expects to sell for $1,500 once she is finished. After having spent $800, Cassie discovers that she would need some special period fabric that would cost her $200 in material and time in order to complete the task. Alternatively, she can sell the quilt "as is" now for $900. What is the marginal cost of completing the task? A) $200 B) $500 C) $1,000 D) $1,000 plus the value of her time Answer: A Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 29) Cassie's Quilts alters, reconstructs and restores heirloom quilts. Cassie has just spent $800 purchasing, cleaning and reconstructing an antique quilt which she expects to sell for $1,500 once she is finished. After having spent $800, Cassie discovers that she would need some special period fabric that would cost her $200 in material and time in order to complete the task. Alternatively, she can sell the quilt "as is" now for $900. What should she do? A) She should cut her losses and sell the quilt now. B) It does not matter what she does; she is going to take a loss on her project. C) She should purchase the period fabric, complete the task and then sell the quilt. D) She should not do anymore work on the quilt because she has already spent too much time on it and has not been paid for that time. Answer: C Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 30) Lionel's Lawn Care is a company that maintains residential yards. Lionel's cost for his standard package of mowing, edging, and trimming is $15, and he charges $25 for this service. For a total price of $40, Lionel will also trim shrubs, a service that adds an additional $10 to the total cost of the standard package. What is Lionel's marginal benefit if he sells the standard package? A) $10 B) $15 C) $25 D) $40 Answer: C Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 31) Lionel's Lawn Care is a company that maintains residential yards. Lionel's cost for his standard package of mowing, edging, and trimming is $15, and he charges $25 for this service. For a total price of $40, Lionel will also trim shrubs, a service that adds an additional $10 to the total cost of the standard package. What is Lionel's marginal cost of adding the shrub-trimming service to the standard package? A) $10 B) $15 C) $25 D) $40 Answer: A Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 32) Lionel's Lawn Care is a company that maintains residential yards. Lionel's cost for his standard package of mowing, edging, and trimming is $15, and he charges $25 for this service. For a total price of $40, Lionel will also trim shrubs, a service that adds an additional $10 to the total cost of the standard package. Should Lionel continue to offer the shrub-trimming service? A) yes, his marginal benefit is greater than his marginal cost B) yes, but only if he raises the price of the standard package C) no, his marginal benefit is less than his marginal cost D) More information is needed for Lionel to make this decision. Answer: A Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring Scenario 1-1 Suppose a t-shirt manufacturer currently sells 5,000 t-shirts per week and makes a profit of $10,000 per week. A manager at the plant observes, "Although the last 400 t-shirts we produced and sold increased our revenue by $4,000 and our costs by $4,800, we are still making an overall profit of $10,000 per week so I think we're on the right track. We are producing the optimal number of t-shirts." 33) Refer to Scenario 1-1. Using marginal analysis terminology, what is another economic term for the incremental revenue received from the sale of the last 400 t-shirts? A) gross earnings B) marginal revenue C) sales revenue D) gross profit Answer: B Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 34) Refer to Scenario 1-1. Using marginal analysis terminology, what is another economic term for the incremental cost of producing the last 400 t-shirts? A) marginal cost B) operating cost C) explicit cost D) Any of the above terms are correct. Answer: A Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 35) Refer to Scenario 1-1. Had the firm not produced and sold the last 400 t-shirts, would its profit be higher or lower, and if so by how much? A) Its profit will be $4,800 higher. B) Its profit will be $800 higher. C) Its profit will be $800 lower. D) Its profit will be $4,000 lower. Answer: B Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring Table 1-1 Hours Open Total Revenue (dollars) 1 $35 2 60 3 80 4 92 5 100 6 105 Eva runs a small bakery in the village of Roggerli. She is debating whether she should extend her hours of operation. Eva figures that her sales revenue will depend on the number of hours the bakery is open as shown in the table above. She would have to hire a worker for those hours at a wage rate of $12 per hour. 36) Refer to Table 1-1. Using marginal analysis, determine how many hours should Eva extend her bakery's hours of operations? A) 2 hours B) 3 hours C) 4 hours D) 5 hours E) 6 hours Answer: C Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 37) Refer to Table 1-1. What is Eva's marginal benefit if she decides to stay open for two hours instead of one hour? A) $25 B) $36 C) $60 D) $95 Answer: A Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 38) Refer to Table 1-1. What is Eva's marginal cost if she decides to stay open for two hours instead of one hour? A) $12 B) $24 C) $36 D) $71 Answer: A Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring Table 1-2 Hours Open Total Revenue (dollars) 1 $40 2 65 3 80 4 90 5 95 6 98 Julius runs a small tailor shop in the city of Bloomfield. He is debating whether he should extend his hours of operation. Julius figures that his sales revenue will depend on the number of hours the tailor shop is open as shown in the table above. He would have to hire a worker for those hours at a wage rate of $18 per hour. 39) Refer to Table 1-2. Using marginal analysis, determine how many hours should Julius extend his shop's hours of operations? A) 2 hours B) 3 hours C) 4 hours D) 5 hours E) 6 hours Answer: A Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 40) Refer to Table 1-2. What is Julius's marginal benefit if he decides to stay open for three hours instead of two hours? A) $15 B) $25 C) $65 D) $80 Answer: A Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 41) Refer to Table 1-2. What is Julius's marginal cost if he decides to stay open for three hours instead of two hours? A) $0 B) $18 C) $54 D) $65 Answer: B Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 42) Tabitha shares a flea market booth with her sister. Her share of the rent is $150 per month. She is considering moving to her own, larger booth which she will not have to share with anyone. The larger booth rents for $450 per month. Recently, you ran into Tabitha in the grocery store and she tells you that she has rented the larger booth. Tabitha is as rational as any other person. As an economics major, you rightly conclude that A) Tabitha did not have a choice; her sister was overcharging her. B) Tabitha figures that the additional benefit of having her own booth (as opposed to sharing) is at least $300. C) Tabitha figures that the benefit of having her own booth (as opposed to sharing) is at least $450. D) the cost of having one's own booth outweighs the benefits. Answer: B Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 43) Consider the following statements: a. Soda drinkers purchase more soda from a grocery store that sells soda at a lower price than other rival grocery stores in the area. b. Homeowners do not take steps to increase security even though they believe it is more costly to allow burglaries than to install security monitoring equipment. c. Manufacturers produce less of a particular cell phone when its selling price rises. Which of the above statements demonstrates that economic agents respond to incentives? A) a only. B) b only. C) c only. D) a and b. E) a, b, and c. Answer: A Topic: People Respond to Economic Incentives *: Recurring 44) Suppose the U.S. government encouraged new teachers to take jobs in underperforming schools by paying the new teachers a $20,000 bonus. These teachers would be exemplifying the economic idea that A) people are rational. B) people respond to economic incentives. C) optimal decisions are made at the margin. D) equity is more important than efficiency. Answer: B Topic: People Respond to Economic Incentives *: Recurring 45) Zane's Vanes is a service that restores old weather vanes. Zane has just spent $125 purchasing a 1920s era weather vane which he expects to restore and sell for $500 once the work is completed. After having spent $125, Zane realizes that he will need to spend an additional $200 on materials to complete the restoration. Alternatively, he can sell the weather vane without restoring it for $200. What is his marginal benefit if he sells the weather vane without restoring it? A) $75 B) $125 C) $200 D) $300 Answer: C Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 46) Zane's Vanes is a service that restores old weather vanes. Zane has just spent $125 purchasing a 1920s era weather vane which he expects to restore and sell for $500 once the work is completed. After having spent $125, Zane realizes that he will need to spend an additional $200 on materials to complete the restoration. Alternatively, he can sell the weather vane without restoring it for $200. What is his marginal cost to complete the restoration? A) $75 B) $125 C) $200 D) $300 Answer: C Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 47) Zane's Vanes is a service that restores old weather vanes. Zane has just spent $125 purchasing a 1920s era weather vane which he expects to restore and sell for $500 once the work is completed. After having spent $125, Zane realizes that he will need to spend an additional $200 on materials to complete the restoration. Alternatively, he can sell the weather vane without restoring it for $200. What should he do? A) He should sell the weather vane now to make the most profit. B) It does not matter what he does; he is going to take a loss on the project. C) He should finish the restoration and then sell the weather vane. D) He should sell the weather vane back to the party he purchased it from and cut his losses. Answer: C Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring Scenario 1-1 Suppose a cigar manufacturer currently sells 1,500 cigars per week and makes a profit of $3,000 per week. The plant foreman observes, "Although the last 500 cell cigars we produced and sold increased our revenue by $7,500 and our costs by $7,000, we are only making an overall profit of $3,000 per week so I think we need to cut back on production. 48) Refer to Scenario 1-1. Using marginal analysis terminology, what is another economic term for the incremental revenue received from the sale of the last 500 cigars? A) gross earnings B) marginal revenue C) sales revenue D) gross profit Answer: B Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 49) Refer to Scenario 1-1. Using marginal analysis terminology, what is another economic term for the incremental cost of producing the last 500 cigars? A) marginal cost B) operating cost C) explicit cost D) Any of the above terms are correct. Answer: A Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 50) Refer to Scenario 1-1. Had the firm not produced and sold the last 500 cigars, would its profit be higher or lower, and if so by how much? A) Its profit will be $500 higher. B) Its profit will be $1,000 higher. C) Its profit will be $500 lower. D) Its profit will be $1,500 lower. Answer: C Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring Table 1-3 Hours Open Total Revenue (dollars) 1 $275 2 375 3 450 4 500 5 530 6 550 Ivan runs a custom jewelry shop in Sparkle City. He is debating whether he should extend his hours of operation. Ivan figures that his sales revenue will depend on the number of hours the jewelry shop is open as shown in the table above. He would have to hire a worker for those hours at a wage rate of $25 per hour. 51) Refer to Table 1-3. Using marginal analysis, determine how many hours should Ivan extend his hours of operations? A) 2 hours B) 3 hours C) 4 hours D) 5 hours E) 6 hours Answer: D Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 52) Refer to Table 1-3. What is Ivan's marginal benefit if he decides to stay open for six hours instead of five hours? A) $10 B) $20 C) $30 D) $91.67 Answer: B Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 53) Refer to Table 1-3. What is Ivan's marginal cost if he decides to stay open for six hours instead of five hours? A) $10 B) $20 C) $25 D) $91.67 Answer: C Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 54) Fiona shares an office with her ex-husband. Her share of the rent and utilities are $625 per month. She is considering moving to a home office which she will not have to share with anyone. The home office will not cost her anything as far as extra rent or utilities. Recently, you ran into Fiona at the gym and she tells you that she has moved into her home office. Fiona is as rational as any other person. As an economics major, you rightly conclude that A) Fiona did not have a choice; her ex-husband was a jerk. B) Fiona figures that the additional benefit of having her own office (as opposed to sharing) is at least $625. C) Fiona figures that the benefit of having her own office (as opposed to sharing) is zero, since she is no longer paying rent and utilities. D) The cost of having one's own space outweighs the benefits. Answer: B Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 55) All economic questions arise from the fact that resources are scarce. Answer: TRUE *: Recurring 56) As population declines, scarcity eventually disappears. Answer: FALSE *: Recurring 57) The term "market" refers only to trading arrangements that have been approved by the government. Answer: FALSE Topic: Markets *: Recurring 58) The sales revenue a seller receives from the sale of an additional unit of goods is called the marginal cost. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 59) Marginal benefit is the benefit that your activity provides to someone else. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 60) If it costs Vijay $150 to design 5 websites and $175 to design 6 websites, then $175 is the marginal cost of producing the 6th Websites. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 61) Suppose the extra cost to a doctor of keeping her office open on Saturdays is $800. Then, the doctor should not stay open on Saturdays if keeping the office open can only bring in additional revenue of $800. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 7-8/7-8 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin Special Feature: Solved Problem: A Doctor Makes a Decision at the Margin 62) An economic model is a complex version of reality used to analyze real-world economic situations. Answer: FALSE Topic: Economic Models *: Recurring 63) Optimal decisions are made at the point where marginal benefit is maximized. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 64) If it costs Hobie $900 to produce 5 lamps and $1,200 to produce 6 lamps, then the difference of $300 is the marginal cost of producing the 5th lamp. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 65) Suppose the extra cost for a plumber to keep her shop open for one extra hour is $145. Then, the plumber should not stay open for the extra hour if she can only generate additional revenue of $145 for that hour. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 7-8/7-8 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin Special Feature: Solved Problem: A Doctor Makes a Decision at the Margin 66) What is scarcity, and why is it a fundamental concept in economics? Answer: Scarcity refers to a situation in which unlimited wants exceed the limited resources available to fulfill those wants. Scarcity is a fundamental concept in economics, because economics is the study of the choices people make to attain their goals, given their scarce resources. *: Recurring 67) What is an economic market? Answer: An economic market refers to a group of buyers and sellers of a good or service and the institution or arrangement by which they come together to trade. Topic: Markets *: Recurring 68) What does the word "marginal" mean in economics? What is a marginal benefit? What is a marginal cost? What is marginal analysis? Answer: In economics, the word "marginal" means "extra" or "additional." Marginal benefit is the additional benefit received from continuing with an activity. Marginal cost is the additional cost associated with continuing with an activity. Marginal analysis involves comparing marginal benefits and marginal costs. Page Ref: 7/7 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin *: Recurring 69) Suppose a doctor can earn an additional $10,000 in revenue per year from keeping her office open on Saturdays. What must the additional cost of keeping the office open on Saturdays be to make this decision economically rational? Answer: The additional cost of keeping the office open on Saturdays must be no more than $10,000 per year to make this decision economically rational. Page Ref: 7-8/7-8 Topic: Optimal Decisions Are Made at the Margin Special Feature: Solved Problem: A Doctor Makes a Decision at the Margin 70) Explain the term "economics." Answer: Economics is the study of the choices people make to attain their goals, given their scarce resources. Topic: Economics as a Social Science *: Recurring 71) Describe what has happened to state obesity rates in the United States since 1994. Answer: There has been a dramatic increase in obesity between 1994 and 2011. In 1994, in a majority of states between 10 percent and 14 percent of the adult population was obese, and in no state was more than 20 percent of the adult population obese. By 2011, in every state at least 20 percent of the adult population was obese, and in about three-quarters of the states, at least 25 percent of the adult population was obese. Page Ref: 5-7/5-7 Topic: People Respond to Economic Incentives Special Feature: Making the Connection: Does Health Insurance Give People an Incentive to Become Obese? 72) Assume that it will cost a plumber an additional $35,000 each year by keeping her shop open for one additional hour per week. What must the additional revenue from keeping the shop open this additional hour per week be to make staying open for the extra hour economically rational? Answer: The additional revenue from staying open for one additional hour per week must be no less than $35,000 for the year to make staying open for the extra hour economically rational. Page Ref: 7-8/7-8 Topic: People Are Rational Special Feature: Solved Problem: A Doctor Makes a Decision at the Margin 1.2 The Economic Problem That Every Society Must Solve 1) Trade-offs force society to make choices when answering what three fundamental questions? A) What will be the prices of goods and services; how will these goods and services be produced; and who will receive them? B) What goods and services to produce; how will these goods and services be produced; and who receives them? C) Who gets jobs; what wages do workers earn; and who owns what property? D) How much will be saved; what will be produced; and how can these goods and services be fairly distributed? Answer: B Page Ref: 9/9 Topic: Trade-offs *: Recurring 2) Every society faces economic trade-offs. This means A) some people live better than others do. B) not everyone can have enough goods to survive. C) producing more of one good means less of another good can be produced. D) society's output cannot be made available to all. Answer: C Page Ref: 8/8 Topic: Trade-offs *: Recurring 3) Which of the following statements is false? A) Anytime you have to decide which action to take you are facing an economic trade-off. B) Trade-offs do not apply when the consumers purchase a product for which there is excess supply, such as a stock clearance sale. C) Every individual, no matter how rich or poor, is faced with making trade-offs. D) Economics is a social science that studies the trade-offs we are forced to make because of scarcity. Answer: B Page Ref: 8/8 Topic: Trade-offs *: Recurring 4) Which of the following is an example of an economic trade-off that a firm has to make? A) whether it is cheaper to produce with more machines or with more workers B) deciding why consumers want its products C) whether or not consumers will buy its products D) deciding what profit margin it desires for its products Answer: A Page Ref: 8/8 Topic: Trade-offs *: Recurring 5) Opportunity cost is defined as A) the benefit of an activity. B) the monetary expense associated with an activity. C) the highest valued alternative that must be given up to engage in an activity. D) the total value of all alternatives that must be given up to engage in an activity. Answer: C Page Ref: 8/8 Topic: Opportunity Cost *: Recurring 6) The Stogie Shop, a cigar store in the mall, sells hand-rolled cigars for $10.00 and machine-made cigars for $2.50 each. What is the opportunity cost of buying a hand-rolled cigar? A) 4 machine-made cigars B) one-quarter of a machine-made cigar C) $10.00 D) $2.50 Answer: A Page Ref: 8/8 Topic: Opportunity Cost *: Recurring 7) Ted quits his $60,000-a-year job to be a stay-at-home dad. What is the opportunity cost of his decision? A) 0 since he will no longer be earning a salary B) depends on the "going rate" for stay-at-home dads C) at least $60,000 D) the value he attributes to the joy of parenting Answer: C Page Ref: 8/8 Topic: Opportunity Cost *: Recurring 8) Who receives the goods and services produced in the United States depends largely on A) how income is distributed. B) how the goods and services are produced. C) what goods and services are produced. D) government redistribution. Answer: A Page Ref: 9/9 Topic: Who Will Receive the Goods and Services Produced? *: Recurring 9) Fast food restaurants produce a range of menu items such as hamburgers, chicken sandwiches, salads, and french fries. What fundamental economic question are they addressing by offering this range of items? A) How to produce goods that consumers want? B) Why produce a variety of menu items? C) What to produce? D) Who to produce the menu items for? Answer: C Page Ref: 9/9 Topic: What Goods and Services Will Be Produced? *: Recurring 10) Consider the following economic agents: a. the government b. consumers c. producers Who, in a modern mixed economy, decides what goods and services will be produced with the scarce resources available in that economy? A) the government B) producers C) consumers D) consumers and producers E) the government, consumers and producers Answer: E Page Ref: 9/9 Topic: What Goods and Services Will Be Produced? *: Recurring 11) In a market economy, who decides what goods and services will be produced? A) only the producers B) only consumers C) consumers and producers D) the government Answer: C Page Ref: 9/9 Topic: What Goods and Services Will Be Produced? *: Recurring 12) Which of the following is correct about the economic decisions consumers, firms, and the government have to make? A) Governments may face the problem of shortages but not scarcity in making economic decisions. B) Only individuals face scarcity; firms and the government do not. C) Firms and the government face scarcity, individuals only face shortages. D) Each faces the problem of scarcity which necessitates trade-offs in making economic decisions. Answer: D Page Ref: 8/8 *: Recurring 13) It is necessary for all economic systems to provide people with goods and services and also restrict them from getting as much of these goods and services as they wish, because failure to do this could ________ the efficiency of the system by producing some goods and services that are ________. A) reduce; not as highly valued as others B) increase; not as highly valued as others C) reduce; valued more than others D) increase; valued more than others Answer: A Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 14) How does a market system prevent people from getting as many goods and services as they wish? A) Governments interfere with the market mechanism to influence the allocation of goods and services. B) In a market system, firms can charge any price they want, thus preventing poor people from getting as many goods and services as they wish. C) The market system allocates goods and services to those who are able to pay for those products and therefore income is a limiting factor. D) The government imposes taxes on those who earn beyond a certain amount of income. Answer: C Page Ref: 10/10 Topic: Market Economies *: Recurring 15) In a market economy, those who are willing and able to buy what is produced A) receives what the government allows them to receive. B) receive the most of what is produced. C) receive no more than everyone else in the market. D) solely determine what is produced. Answer: B Page Ref: 10/10 Topic: Market Economies *: Recurring 16) How are the fundamental economic decisions determined in Cuba? A) Individuals, firms, and the government interact in a market to make these economic decisions. B) These decisions are made by the country's elders who have had much experience in answering these questions. C) The government decides because Cuba is a centrally planned economy. D) The United Nations decides because Cuba is a developing economy. Answer: C Page Ref: 10/10 Topic: Centrally Planned Economies *: Recurring 17) In a market economy, ________ interact in markets to decide the answers to the fundamental economic questions. A) state and local governments B) large corporations C) households and firms D) the judicial and legislative branches of the federal government Answer: C Page Ref: 9/9 Topic: Market Economies *: Recurring 18) Which of the following is a problem inherent in centrally planned economies? A) There are no problems and everyone, including consumers, is satisfied. B) There is too much production of low-cost, high-quality goods and services. C) Production managers are more concerned with satisfying government's orders than with satisfying consumer wants. D) Unemployment is too high. Answer: C Page Ref: 10/10 Topic: Centrally Planned Economies *: Recurring 19) Which of the following contributed to the downfall of the Soviet Union in 1991? A) public dissatisfaction with low living standards and political repression B) producing higher-quality goods than were desired by consumers C) the rapidly increasing standard of living D) the lack of a strong dictator who can coordinate economic activities Answer: A Page Ref: 10/10 Topic: Centrally Planned Economies *: Recurring 20) When goods and services are produced at the lowest possible cost, ________ occurs. A) allocative efficiency B) productive efficiency C) equity D) efficient central planning Answer: B Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 21) Productive efficiency is achieved when firms produce goods and services A) most desired by society. B) at the highest profit margin. C) at the lowest cost. D) of the highest quality. Answer: C Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 22) When every good or service is produced up to the point where the last unit provides a marginal benefit to society equal to the marginal cost of producing it, ________ occurs. A) allocative efficiency B) productive efficiency C) equity D) efficient central planning Answer: A Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 23) Allocative efficiency is achieved when A) goods and services are fairly distributed among consumers in an economy. B) firms produce the goods and services that consumers value most. C) firms produce goods and services at the lowest cost. D) there are no shortages or surpluses in the market. Answer: B Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 24) Which of the following contributes to the efficiency of markets? A) Governments play an active role in the day-to-day operations of markets. B) Markets are able to bring about an equitable distribution of goods and services. C) Markets promote equal standards of living. D) Markets promote competition and voluntary exchange. Answer: D Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 25) Competition forces firms to produce and sell products as long as the ________ to consumers exceeds the ________ of production. A) marginal benefit; marginal cost B) marginal benefit; marginal benefit C) marginal cost; marginal cost D) marginal cost; marginal benefit Answer: A Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 26) Voluntary exchange increases economic efficiency A) because neither the buyer nor the seller would agree to a trade unless they both benefit. B) because voluntary exchange only takes place with government permission. C) because it is free and consequently does not cost anything. D) because it allows wealthy individuals to act altruistically and give to the poor. Answer: A Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 27) All ________ economies have been political dictatorships. A) centrally planned B) mixed C) market D) mixed and market Answer: A Page Ref: 10/10 Topic: Centrally Planned Economies *: Recurring 28) Which of the following generates allocative efficiency in a market economy? A) national government intervention B) voluntary exchange between buyers and sellers C) United Nations rules for competition D) equity Answer: B Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 29) Competition among sellers generates A) productive efficiency. B) allocative efficiency. C) equity. D) scarcity. Answer: A Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 30) Dr. Goldfinger decides to invest in companies which he believes can "improve the productivity and efficiency" of health care services. How can Dr. Goldfinger strive to achieve this productive efficiency? A) by investing in companies that produce goods and services based on consumer preferences B) by investing in companies that produce goods and services at the lowest possible cost C) by investing in companies that fairly distribute their products and services D) by investing in companies that produce up to the point where the marginal benefit of the last unit produced is equal to the marginal cost of producing it Answer: B Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 31) Dr. Goldfinger decides to invest in companies which he believes can "improve the productivity and efficiency" of health care services. What would Dr. Goldfinger need to do to try to achieve allocative efficiency? A) invest in companies that produce goods and services based on consumer preferences B) invest in companies that produce goods and services at the lowest possible cost C) invest in companies that fairly distribute their products and services D) invest in companies that produce up to the point where the marginal cost of the last unit produced is zero Answer: A Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 32) Mrs. Lovejoy decides to invest in companies which she believes are producing its goods based on the preferences of consumers. Mrs. Lovejoy is investing in companies that are A) productively efficient. B) allocatively efficient. C) both productively and allocatively efficient. D) always going to be profitable. Answer: B Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 33) Mrs. Lovejoy decides to invest in companies which she believes can produce its goods at the lowest possible cost. Mrs. Lovejoy is investing in companies that are A) productively efficient. B) allocatively efficient. C) both productively and allocatively efficient. D) always going to be profitable. Answer: A Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 34) Selling tickets to graduation ceremonies has long been a tradition among students at institutions that limit the number of guests. Suppose your classmate, Heidi purchased two tickets for $40 each. Is this transaction economically efficient? A) No, people should never be allowed to sell items they received for free. B) Yes, it was a voluntary exchange that benefited both parties. C) No, Heidi paid too much for the tickets. D) Yes, it is efficient only from the perspective of the seller and not from the perspective of the buyer. Answer: B Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 35) ________ occurs when economic benefits are distributed fairly. A) Productive efficiency B) Allocative efficiency C) Equality D) Equity Answer: D Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Equity *: Recurring 36) Which of the following is motivated by an equity concern? A) Some U.S. colleges have cut back on merit scholarships since these programs siphon money from need-based programs, thus harming lower-income students with greater financial need. B) Following the removal of subsidies in urban water use, household demand for water decreased quite significantly in Bogor, Indonesia. C) In November 2003, the Federal Communications Commission implemented the "local number portability" rule which gives cell phone customers the option of keeping their number when they switch carriers within the same geographic region. D) The United States protects intellectual property rights, allowing inventors to prevent others from using their inventions without payment. Answer: A Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Equity *: Recurring 37) Which of the following is motivated by an efficiency concern? A) In 2009, the Obama administration increased unemployment benefits. B) As part of an economic stimulus package, each taxpayer received a $3,000 tax rebate check. C) Following a six-month drought, a city banned homeowners from watering their lawns in an effort to conserve water. D) Some U.S. colleges have cut back on merit scholarships since these programs siphon money from need-based programs, thus harming lower-income students with greater financial need. Answer: C Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 38) Which of the following is not an example of an efficiency-equity trade-off faced by economic agents? A) According to an article by in the American Journal of Public Health by Edward Kaplan and Michael Merson of Yale University School of Medicine, the federal government's current method of allocating HIV-prevention resources is not cost-effective. Instead of allocating resources to states in proportion to reported AIDS cases, resources should flow first to those activities that prevent more infections per dollar and then to less and less effective combinations of programs and populations until funds are exhausted, even if it means that some populations would be left without any prevention services. B) Concerned about the falling birth rate, the French government has pledged more money for families with three children, in an effort to encourage working women to have more babies. C) The growing demand for corn by ethanol producers has led to a surge in the price of tortillas, a staple in the Mexican diet. To quell public outcry over rising tortilla prices, the Mexican government released government corn stocks at prices well below the market, and pressured states to impose price ceilings on tortillas. D) Some U.S. colleges cut back on merit scholarships since these programs siphon money from need-based programs, thus harming lower-income students with greater financial need. Answer: B Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 39) There is often a trade-off between A) productive efficiency and allocative efficiency. B) limited and unlimited resources. C) voluntary and involuntary exchanges. D) economic efficiency and economic equity. Answer: D Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 40) The Farm Factory, a booth at the local Farmer's Market, sells fresh eggs for $1.50 per dozen and fresh milk for $2.50 per gallon. What is the opportunity cost of buying a dozen eggs? A) 1 2/3 gallons of milk B) 3/5 of a gallon of milk C) $2.50 D) $1.50 Answer: B Page Ref: 8/8 Topic: Opportunity Cost *: Recurring 41) The Farm Factory, a booth at the local Farmer's Market, sells fresh eggs for $1.50 per dozen and fresh milk for $2.50 per gallon. What is the opportunity cost of buying a gallon of milk? A) 1 2/3 dozen eggs B) 3/5 of a dozen eggs C) $2.50 D) $1.50 Answer: A Page Ref: 8/8 Topic: Opportunity Cost *: Recurring 42) The decision about what goods and services will be produced made in a market economy is made by A) lawmakers in the government voting on what will be produced. B) workers deciding to produce only what the boss says must be produced. C) producers deciding what society wants most. D) consumers and firms choosing which goods and services to buy or produce. E) consumers dictating to firms what they need most. Answer: D Page Ref: 9/9 Topic: What Goods and Services Will Be Produced? *: Recurring 43) The decision about what goods and services will be produced made in a centrally-planned economy is made by A) lawmakers in the government deciding on what will be produced. B) workers deciding to produce only what the boss says must be produced. C) producers deciding what society wants most. D) consumers and firms choosing which goods and services to buy or produce. E) consumers dictating to firms what they need most. Answer: A Page Ref: 9/9 Topic: What Goods and Services Will Be Produced? *: Recurring 44) How are the fundamental economic decisions determined in Canada? A) Individuals, firms, and the government interact in a market to make these economic decisions. B) These decisions are made by the country's elders who have had much experience in answering these questions. C) The government decides because Canada is a centrally planned economy. D) The United Nations decides because Canada is a developing economy. Answer: A Page Ref: 10/10 Topic: Mixed Economies *: Recurring 45) Which of the following contributed to the downfall of the Soviet Union in 1991? A) government dissatisfaction with high living standards and political freedom B) an inability to produce low-cost consumer goods that households wanted C) an overabundance of high-quality goods and services D) the lack of a strong dictator who can coordinate economic activities Answer: B Page Ref: 10/10 Topic: Centrally Planned Economies *: Recurring Article Summary In an August 2013 speech from the Lincoln Memorial, President Obama was expected to emphasize that increased economic equality is needed to improve racial equality. Economic gaps based on race have endured for 50 years, with the differences in unemployment rates between blacks and whites remaining virtually unchanged and the gap in wealth actually increasing. "If you look at 50 years after the 1960s civil rights movement, the most stubborn and persistent challenge when it comes to the nation's racial challenge remains in the areas of economics and wealth," said Marc Morial, president of the National Urban League. Source: Zachary A. Goldfarb, "For Obama, 50 years after historic march, economic equality the path to racial justice," Washington Post, August 17, 2013. 46) Refer to the Article Summary. The article mentions increased economic equality is needed in terms of wealth. How would a more equal distribution of wealth differ from a more equitable distribution of wealth? A) They both mean the same thing, which is a more even distribution of wealth. B) A more equal distribution of wealth is a more fair distribution, and a more equitable distribution of wealth is a more even distribution. C) A more equal distribution of wealth is a more even distribution, and a more equitable distribution of wealth is a more fair distribution. D) They both mean the same thing, which is a more fair distribution of wealth. Answer: C Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Equity Special Feature: Making the Connection: For Obama, 50 years After Historical March, Economic Equality the Path to Racial Justice 47) The government makes all economic decisions in a centrally planned economy. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 9/9 Topic: Centrally Planned Economies *: Recurring 48) When voluntary exchange takes place, only one party gains from the exchange. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 10/10 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 49) A college must decide if it wants to offer more evening and weekend classes. This decision involves answering the economic question of "for whom to produce." Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 9/9 Topic: What Goods and Services Will Be Produced? *: Recurring 50) In a centrally planned economy, the government decides how economic resources will be allocated. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 9/9 Topic: Centrally Planned Economies *: Recurring 51) Consumers and make all economic decisions in a mixed economy. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 10/10 Topic: Mixed Economies *: Recurring 52) When voluntary exchange takes place, neither party usually gains from the exchange. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 53) A university must decide if it should stop offering foreign language classes. This decision involves answering the economic question of "how to produce." Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 9/9 Topic: What Goods and Services Will Be Produced? *: Recurring 54) In market economies, income distribution is always going to be completely equitable. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Market Economies *: Recurring 55) Every society faces trade-offs. Explain the concept of trade-offs. Answer: Trade-offs refer to the idea that, because of scarcity, producing more of one good or service means producing less of another good or service. Page Ref: 8/8 Topic: Trade-offs *: Recurring 56) Trade-offs force society to make choices when answering what three fundamental questions? Answer: 1. What goods and services will be produced? 2. How will the goods and services be produced? 3. Who will receive the goods and services produced? Page Ref: 8/8 Topic: Trade-offs *: Recurring 57) What is the difference between economic efficiency and equity? Answer: Economic efficiency is concerned with maximizing the value of output that can be generated by a given resource base while equity deals with the distribution of society's total output among the sectors and individuals of society. Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 58) What is a market economy? Answer: A market economy is an economy in which the decisions of households and firms interacting in markets allocate economic resources. Page Ref: 9/9 Topic: Market Economies *: Recurring 59) Define allocative efficiency. Explain the significance of this concept in economics? Answer: Allocative efficiency is an efficiency criterion that describes a situation where the marginal benefit (or marginal valuation) of the last unit purchased is equal to the marginal cost of producing that unit. In other words, allocative efficiency occurs when production reflects consumer preferences. This is a significant concept in that all societies face scarcity which necessitates that societies make choices about what goods and services to produce. To maximize society's wealth, resources must flow to their highest valued use. This value is determined by consumers. Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Efficiency *: Recurring 1.3 Economic Models 1) Economic models A) make no assumptions in order to remain as accurate as possible. B) are simplified versions of reality. C) can not be used to analyze real-world issues. D) magnify the complexity of economic issues in order to provide useful data. Answer: B Page Ref: 11/11 Topic: Economic Models *: Recurring 2) Which of the following is part of an economic model? A) assumptions B) norms C) opinions D) preferences of economic agents Answer: A Page Ref: 12/12 Topic: Economic Models *: Recurring 3) Which of the following statements about positive economic analysis is true ? A) Positive analysis uses an economic model to estimate the costs and benefits of different course of actions. B) There is much less disagreement among economists over normative economic analysis than over positive economic analysis. C) There is much more disagreement among economists over positive economic analysis than over normative economic analysis. D) Unlike positive economic analysis, normative economic analysis can be tested. Answer: A Page Ref: 13/13 Topic: Positive and Normative Analysis *: Recurring 4) Which of the following is a positive economic statement? A) Everyone should live at the same standard of living. B) If the price of gasoline rises, a smaller quantity of it will be bought. C) The government should close income tax loopholes. D) U.S. firms should not be allowed to outsource production of goods and services. Answer: B Page Ref: 13/13 Topic: Positive and Normative Analysis *: Recurring 5) Which of the following is a positive economic statement? A) People should not buy imported fruits and vegetables. B) The government should subsidize solar power for homeowners. C) The minimum wage law causes unemployment. D) The number of work visas should not be limited by the government. Answer: C Page Ref: 13/13 Topic: Positive and Normative Analysis *: Recurring 6) Which of the following is a normative economic statement? A) Rising global demand for diesel and heating oil has led to increases in the price of crude oil. B) With falling home prices and rising mortgage interest rates, the amount of foreclosures has increased. C) The federal government is considering raising the gasoline tax to promote the use of public transportation. D) Fashion designers should be allowed to copyright designs to promote innovation. Answer: D Page Ref: 13/13 Topic: Positive and Normative Analysis *: Recurring AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning 7) Which of the following is a normative economic statement? A) The price of milk is too high. B) The current high price of milk is the result of reduced worldwide supply. C) When the price of milk rises, the quantity of milk purchased falls. D) When the price of milk rises, the cost of milk-based products rises. Answer: A Page Ref: 13/13 Topic: Positive and Normative Analysis *: Recurring 8) All of the following questions or statements regarding medical school are positive except: A) How do changes in expected future incomes affect the decisions of medical students about which specialty to choose? B) Medical students who enter specialized fields make a larger contribution to society than do student who enter primary care. C) What role does tuition play in a student's decision about whether to attend medical school? D) Have tuition increases had a large effect or a small effect on the number of applications to medical school? Answer: B Page Ref: 14-15/14-15 Topic: Positive and Normative Analysis Special Feature: Making the Connection: Should Medical School Be Free? 9) The economic analysis of minimum wage involves both normative and positive analysis. Consider the following consequences of a minimum wage: a. The minimum wage law causes unemployment. b. Unemployment would be lower without a minimum wage law. c. Minimum wage laws benefit some workers and harm others. d. The minimum wage should be more than $7.25 per hour. Which of the consequences above are positive statements and which are normative statements? A) a, b, and c are positive statements and d is a normative statement. B) a and b are positive statements, c and d are normative statement. C) Only a is a positive statement, b, c and d are normative statements. D) a and c are positive statements, b and d are normative statements. Answer: A Page Ref: 14/14 Topic: Positive and Normative Analysis Special Feature: Don't Let This Happen to You: Don't Confuse Positive Analysis with Normative Analysis 10) Which of the following is part of an economic model? A) preferences of economic agents B) data C) norms D) opinions Answer: B Page Ref: 12/12 Topic: Economic Models *: Recurring 11) Which of the following is a positive economic statement? A) The inflation rate in the United States is too high. B) Unemployment insurance payments increase when the unemployment rate rises. C) The government should defund Obamacare. D) States should be able to enact their own marijuana legalization laws. Answer: B Page Ref: 13/13 Topic: Positive and Normative Analysis *: Recurring 12) Which of the following is a positive economic statement? A) People should use public transportation more often. B) The government should ban diesel engines in automobiles. C) Due to a decrease in state funding, university tuition has risen. D) Foreign citizens should not be allowed to work without a work visa. Answer: C Page Ref: 13/13 Topic: Positive and Normative Analysis *: Recurring 13) Which of the following is a normative economic statement? A) Falling global demand for pesticides has led to decreases in the price of pesticides. B) With falling mortgage rates and falling unemployment rates, the number of new homes being built has increased. C) The state of Florida's unemployment rate dropped when several large companies relocated to the Miami area. D) Global warming should be at the top of every economic agenda. Answer: D Page Ref: 13/13 Topic: Positive and Normative Analysis *: Recurring 14) Which of the following is a normative economic statement? A) Tobacco products should be banned in all public spaces. B) The increase in tobacco taxes has caused an increase in the price of cigarettes. C) Better awareness of health risks has decreased tobacco use. D) A reduction in tobacco subsidies has caused the price of tobacco to increase. Answer: A Page Ref: 13/13 Topic: Positive and Normative Analysis *: Recurring 15) "A decrease in the price of digital cameras will decrease the demand for camera film." This statement is an example of a positive economic statement. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 13/13 Topic: Positive and Normative Analysis *: Recurring 16) "The distribution of income should be determined by the government" is an example of a normative economic statement. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 13/13 Topic: Positive and Normative Analysis *: Recurring 17) Policies based on normative economic ideas tend to increase economic efficiency and improve equity. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 13/13 Topic: Positive and Normative Analysis *: Recurring 18) "An increase in the price of oranges will increase the demand for grapefruits." This statement is an example of a normative economic statement. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 13/13 Topic: Positive and Normative Analysis *: Recurring 19) The unemployment rate is too high is an example of a positive economic statement. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 13/13 Topic: Positive and Normative Analysis *: Recurring 20) Normative analysis is concerned with "what ought to be," while positive analysis is concerned with "what is." Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 13/13 Topic: Positive and Normative Analysis *: Recurring 21) What are the five steps by which economists arrive at a useful economic model? Answer: 1. Decide on the assumptions to use in developing the model. 2. Formulate a testable hypothesis. 3. Use economic data to test the hypothesis. 4. Revise the model if it fails to explain the economic data well. 5. Retain the revised model to help answer similar economic questions in the future. Page Ref: 12/12 Topic: Economic Models *: Recurring 22) What is an economic variable? Give an example of an economic variable. Answer: An economic variable is something measurable that can have different values, such as the wages of software programmers. (Students will give many different examples). Page Ref: 12/12 Topic: Economic Models *: Recurring 23) Which of the following are positive economic statements and which are normative economic statements? a. An increase in the minimum wage causes unemployment. b. The government should raise the minimum wage above $7.25 per hour. c. The prolonged recession has caused the unemployment rate to reach a 30-year high. d. Interest rates need to be lower for the economy to emerge from the recession. e. Inflation has decreased since the onset of the recession. f. Once the recession has ended, interest rates should increased to assure that inflation does not go up. Answer: Statements a, c, and e are positive economic statements. Statements b, d, and f are normative economic statements. Page Ref: 13/13 Topic: Positive and Normative Analysis *: Recurring 1.4 Microeconomics and Macroeconomics 1) Which of the following is a microeconomics question? A) Why do economies experience periods of recession? B) Will government intervention lower the unemployment rate? C) Why has growth in the economy slowed down over the past decade? D) How will Apple decide on a selling price for the iPad? Answer: D Page Ref: 15/15 Topic: Microeconomics *: Recurring 2) The branch of economics which studies how households and firms make choices, interact in markets and how government attempts to influence their choices is called A) macroeconomics. B) microeconomics. C) positive economics. D) normative economics. Answer: B Page Ref: 15/15 Topic: Microeconomics *: Recurring 3) Which of the following is a macroeconomics question? A) What determines the unemployment rate? B) How is the production quantity of digital cameras determined? C) What factors determine the price of iPhones? D) What determines the wages and benefits of flight attendants? Answer: A Page Ref: 16/16 Topic: Macroeconomics *: Recurring Learning Outcome: Macro-1: Define macroeconomics and identify its basic concerns 4) The branch of economics which studies the behavior of entire economies and policies that affect the economy as a whole is called A) public economics. B) microeconomics. C) macroeconomics. D) normative economics. Answer: C Page Ref: 16/16 Topic: Macroeconomics *: Recurring Learning Outcome: Macro-1: Define macroeconomics and identify its basic concerns 5) When Dr. Goldfinger decides on the companies in which he will invest, a ________ issue is being addressed. A) microeconomic B) macroeconomic C) positive economic D) normative economic Answer: A Page Ref: 15/15 Topic: Microeconomics *: Recurring 6) Which of the following is a microeconomics question? A) When will the government better secure the borders? B) Why hasn't the federal government raised the minimum wage? C) How does Fiat decide on the price of the 500 Pop model? D) What determines the level of U.S. imports and exports? Answer: C Page Ref: 15/15 Topic: Microeconomics *: Recurring 7) Which of the following is a macroeconomics question? A) What determines the minimum wage? B) What determines the production of video game consoles? C) What factors determine the price of Oreo cookies? D) What determines the salaries of college professors? Answer: A Page Ref: 16/16 Topic: Macroeconomics *: Recurring Learning Outcome: Macro-1: Define macroeconomics and identify its basic concerns 8) Examining the conditions that could lead to inflation in an economy is an example of microeconomics topic. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 16/16 Topic: Macroeconomics *: Recurring Learning Outcome: Macro-1: Define macroeconomics and identify its basic concerns 9) Suppose that to move more people off the wait list for organ donations, surgeons and hospitals are developing a market for organ swapping. This is an example of a macroeconomics topic. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 15/15 Topic: Microeconomics *: Recurring 10) Examining the conditions that could lead to economic growth is an example of macroeconomic topic. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 16/16 Topic: Macroeconomics *: Recurring Learning Outcome: Macro-1: Define macroeconomics and identify its basic concerns 11) The decisions General Motors makes in determining production levels for its Chevy Volt is an example of a microeconomics topic. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 15/15 Topic: Microeconomics *: Recurring 12) Define macroeconomics. Answer: Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole, including topics such as inflation, unemployment, and economic growth. Page Ref: 16/16 Topic: Macroeconomics *: Recurring 13) Which of the following are primarily macroeconomic topics and which are primarily microeconomic topics? a. college tuition rates b. farm subsidies c. national income d. automobile prices e. air traffic congestion f. economic recession Answer: c and f are primarily macroeconomic topics. a, b, d, and e are primarily microeconomic topics. Page Ref: 15-16/15-16 Topic: Microeconomics *: Recurring 14) How does the study of microeconomics differ from that of macroeconomics? Give one example each of an issue studied in microeconomics and in macroeconomics. Answer: Microeconomics is the study of how household and businesses make choices, how they interact in markets, and how the government attempts to influence their choices while macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole including topics like unemployment, inflation and economic growth. (Students will give many different examples.) Page Ref: 15-16/15-16 Topic: Microeconomics *: Recurring 1.5 A Preview of Important Economic Terms 1) Which of the following statements is true about revenue? A) Revenue is the total amount received for selling a good or service. B) Revenue is calculated by dividing the price per unit by the number of units sold. C) The terms "revenue" and "profit" can be used interchangeably. D) A firm's revenue will increase as its costs increase. Answer: A Page Ref: 16/16 Topic: Revenue *: Recurring 2) Human capital refers to A) the money people have. B) the machines workers have to work with. C) the accumulated skills and training workers have. D) the wealth people have. Answer: C Page Ref: 17/17 Topic: Human Capital *: Recurring 3) Which of the following is an example of an activity undertaken by an entrepreneur? A) choosing the color scheme for your renovated kitchen B) being promoted to the position of Chief of Police C) being appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court D) starting your own snow cone business Answer: D Page Ref: 16/16 Topic: Entrepreneur *: Recurring 4) Which of the following is counted as "capital" in economics? A) the money people have B) the machines workers have to work with C) the accumulated skills and training workers have D) the wealth people have Answer: B Page Ref: 17/17 Topic: Capital *: Recurring 5) The processes used to produce goods and services describes A) innovation. B) entrepreneurship. C) technology. D) capital. Answer: C Page Ref: 16/16 Topic: Technology *: Recurring 6) Which of the following statements about economic resources is false? A) Economic resources include financial capital and money. B) Economic resources are also called factors of production. C) Economic resources are used to produce goods and services. D) Some economic resources are human-made while others are found in nature. Answer: A Page Ref: 17/17 Topic: Resources *: Recurring 7) The U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) forecasts that in 2020 A) there will be a shortage of doctors in the United States. B) the number of doctors in the United States will decrease and the number of doctors needed will increase. C) the number of doctors in the United States will increase and the number of doctors needed will decrease. D) there will be a surplus of doctors in the United States. Answer: A Page Ref: 17/17 Topic: Human Capital Special Feature: Economics in Your Life: Will There Be Plenty of Jobs Available in the Health Care Industry? 8) In economics, the practical application of an invention is known as A) technology. B) entrepreneurship. C) physical capital. D) innovation. Answer: D Page Ref: 16/16 Topic: Innovation *: Recurring 9) In economics, tangible merchandise is referred to as A) invention. B) human capital. C) services. D) goods. Answer: D Page Ref: 16/16 Topic: Goods and Services *: Recurring 10) In economics, activities done for others, such as providing house cleaning or dental work, are referred to as A) technology. B) physical capital. C) services. D) goods. Answer: C Page Ref: 16/16 Topic: Goods and Services *: Recurring 11) In economics, the total amount received for selling a good or service is referred to as A) revenue. B) profit. C) capital gains. D) factor payments. Answer: A Page Ref: 16/16 Topic: Revenue *: Recurring 12) In economics, the difference between a firm's revenues and its costs is referred to as A) physical capital. B) profit. C) capital gains. D) factor payments. Answer: B Page Ref: 17/17 Topic: Profit *: Recurring 13) According to census figures and the Congressional Budget Office, the number of people ________ is projected to increase and the number of people ________ is projected to decrease by the year 2020. A) who are uninsured; who are insured B) who are uninsured; age 65 and older C) age 65 and older; who are uninsured D) who are insured; age 65 and older Answer: C Page Ref: 18-19/18-19 Topic: Health Care Special Feature: An Inside LOOK: Look Into Your Smartphone and Say "Aah" 14) In the market for factors of production, households earn income by supplying factors of production to firms. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 17/17 Topic: Resources *: Recurring 15) One example of human capital is the amount of savings that you have. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 17/17 Topic: Human Capital *: Recurring 16) Human capital refers to the accumulated skills and training that workers possess. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 17/17 Topic: Human Capital *: Recurring 17) Physical capital refers to stocks and bonds. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 17/17 Topic: Capital *: Recurring 18) What is technology and what factors does it depend on? Answer: Technology is the processes a firm uses to produce goods and services. In the economic sense, a firm's technology depends on many factors, such as the skill of its managers, the training of its workers, and the speed and efficiency of its machinery and equipment. Page Ref: 16/16 Topic: Technology *: Recurring 19) What is the difference between physical capital and human capital? Answer: Physical capital includes manufactured goods which are used to produce other goods and services. Human capital refers to the accumulated education, training and skills that workers possess. Page Ref: 17/17 Topic: Capital *: Recurring 20) What is the difference between accounting profit and economic profit? Answer: Profit is the difference between revenue and cost. Accounting profit excludes the cost of some economic resources that the firm does not pay for explicitly. Economic profit includes the opportunity cost of all resources used by the firm. Page Ref: 17/17 Topic: Profit *: Recurring 21) What is a household? How do households interact with firms in a market? Answer: A household consists of all persons occupying a home. Households supply factors of production used by firms to produce goods and services. Households also demand goods and services produced by firms. Page Ref: 17/17 Topic: Resources *: Recurring 1.6 Appendix: Using Graphs and Formulas 1) If a graph has a line that shows the quantity of flat-screen televisions sold in the last five years, it is known as A) a pie chart. B) a time-series graph. C) a demand curve for outsourcing. D) a supply curve of outsourcing. Answer: B Page Ref: 25/25 Topic: Graphs *: Recurring Learning Outcome: Micro-2: Interpret and analyze information presented in different types of graphs 2) Two-dimensional graphs have a horizontal and a vertical axis and are used in economics to illustrate A) relationships between two economic variables. B) one variable. C) a flow chart. D) a pie chart. Answer: A Page Ref: 26/26 Topic: Graphs *: Recurring Learning Outcome: Micro-2: Interpret and analyze information presented in different types of graphs 3) How can the influence of a third variable be shown on a two-dimensional graph? A) by allowing the relationship to be nonlinear B) by allowing the position of the relationship line or curve to shift on the graph C) by drawing a third axis coming out of the two axes D) by super-imposing the third variable on the two-dimensional graph Answer: B Page Ref: 27/27 Topic: Graphs *: Recurring Learning Outcome: Micro-2: Interpret and analyze information presented in different types of graphs 4) Which of the following statements is true? A) An inverse relationship has a positive slope value. B) A direct relationship has a negative slope value. C) A curved line has slope values that change at every point. D) A straight line has a slope of one. Answer: C Page Ref: 31/31 Topic: Slope *: Recurring Learning Outcome: Micro-2: Interpret and analyze information presented in different types of graphs 5) The relationship between sales and revenue is A) an inverse relationship. B) a direct relationship. C) a negative relationship. D) independent. Answer: B Page Ref: 29/29 Topic: Positive and Negative Relationships *: Recurring 6) Suppose when the price of hybrid automobiles rises, consumers buy fewer hybrid automobiles. This implies that A) there is a positive relationship between hybrid automobile prices and quantities purchased by consumers. B) there is a negative relationship between hybrid automobile prices and quantities purchased by consumers. C) there is a direct relationship between hybrid automobile prices and quantities purchased by consumers. D) there is a one-to-one relationship between hybrid automobile prices and quantities purchased by consumers. Answer: B Page Ref: 29/29 Topic: Positive and Negative Relationships *: Recurring 7) In 2012, Smileytown consumed 50,000 tubes of toothpaste. In 2013, toothpaste consumption rose to 62,000 tubes. Calculate the percentage change in toothpaste consumption. A) 12% B) 16.42% C) 19.35% D) 24% Answer: D Page Ref: 32/32 Topic: Formulas 8) In 2012, Peelville consumed 30,000 bananas. In 2013, banana consumption rose to 35,000. Calculate the percentage change in banana consumption. A) 11.66% B) 14.28% C) 16.67% D) 22.25% Answer: C Page Ref: 32/32 Topic: Formulas 9) If a straight line passes through the point x = 12 and y = 4 and also through the point x = 4 and y = 8, the slope of this line is A) negative 8 divided by 4. B) seven tenths. C) negative one half. D) one -and one half. Answer: C Page Ref: 27/27 Topic: Slope *: Recurring 10) If a straight line passes through the point x = 8 and y = 4 and also through the point x = 12 and y = 6, the slope of this line is A) negative 4 divided by 2. B) two. C) negative one half. D) one half. Answer: D Page Ref: 27/27 Topic: Slope *: Recurring 11) If the price of milk was $1.25 a gallon and it is now $2.25 a gallon, what is the percentage change in price? A) 4.4 percent B) 8 percent C) 44 percent D) 80 percent Answer: D Page Ref: 32/32 Topic: Formulas *: Recurring 12) If the price of pineapple juice was $4.50 a gallon and it is now $5.75 a gallon, what is the percentage change in price? A) 7.8 percent B) 12.5 percent C) 27.7 percent D) 57.5 percent Answer: C Page Ref: 32/32 Topic: Formulas *: Recurring 13) At a recent company meeting, Geraldine Erwin, sales manager of Dastoria, a flavored beverage producer announced, "We have increased our sales by 8 percent in just six months." Suppose six months ago, its sales amounted to $452,000, what is the value of its sales today? A) $36,160 B) $415,840 C) $488,160 D) $565,000 Answer: C Page Ref: 32/32 Topic: Formulas *: Recurring Figure 1-1 14) Refer to Figure 1-1. Using the information in the figure above, calculate the percentage change in sales of alcoholic beverages between 2008 and 2010. A) 23.8% B) 40% C) 42.9% D) 73.3% Answer: A Page Ref: 32/32 Topic: Formulas Learning Outcome: Micro-2: Interpret and analyze information presented in different types of graphs Figure 1-2 15) Refer to Figure 1-2. Calculate the area of the triangle A. A) $8.4 million B) $6.3 million C) $3.15 million D) $2.1 million Answer: C Page Ref: 33/33 Topic: Formulas *: Recurring Learning Outcome: Micro-2: Interpret and analyze information presented in different types of graphs Figure 1-3 16) Refer to Figure 1-3. Calculate the area of the trapezoid X. A) $361 B) $450 C) $1,020 D) $1,140 Answer: C Page Ref: 33/33 Topic: Formulas *: Recurring Learning Outcome: Micro-2: Interpret and analyze information presented in different types of graphs Figure 1-4 17) Refer to Figure 1-4. Which of the following statements is true? A) The slope of the tangent at E is positive and the slope of the tangent at F is negative. B) The slope of the tangent at E is negative and the slope of the tangent at F is positive. C) The slope of the tangent at E and the slope of the tangent at F are negative. D) The slope of the tangent at E and the slope of the tangent at F are positive. Answer: A Page Ref: 31/31 Topic: Slope *: Recurring Learning Outcome: Micro-2: Interpret and analyze information presented in different types of graphs 18) An "omitted variable" is A) a variable which is purposely omitted from an economic analysis. B) a variable which is inadvertently omitted from an economic analysis. C) a variable that has no impact on other variables in an economic analysis. D) a variable that affects other variables and its omission from economic analysis can lead to false conclusions about cause and effect. Answer: D Page Ref: 30/30 Topic: Cause and Effect *: Recurring 19) What is the "reverse causality" problem in determining cause and effect? A) It is a problem that occurs when one concludes that a change in variable X caused a change in variable Y when in actual fact, it is a change in variable Z that caused a change in variable Y. B) It is a problem that occurs when one observes that a change in variable X caused a change in variable Y which caused a change in variable Z and concludes that a change in variable X caused a change in variable Z. C) It is a problem that occurs when one concludes that a change in variable X caused a change in variable Y when in actual fact, it is a change in variable Y that caused a change in variable X. D) It is a problem that arises when two variables are inter-connected so that a change in variable X causes a change in variable Y, and a change in variable Y causes a change in variable X. Answer: C Page Ref: 30/30 Topic: Cause and Effect *: Recurring 20) The number of people who have gray hair is very high among residents living in Florida. A student concludes that living in Florida causes hair to turn gray. What is the flaw in this student's reasoning? A) The student is drawing a false conclusion by making the mistake of omitting critical variables such as the age and gender of the residents. B) The student is using an inadequate sample size. C) The student is drawing a false conclusion; he is confusing cause and effect. D) The student has failed to take into account other causes of gray hair. Answer: C Page Ref: 30/30 Topic: Cause and Effect *: Recurring 21) You explain to your friend Haslina, who runs a catering service called "Meals in a Zip," about an economic theory which asserts that consumers will purchase less of a product at higher prices than they will at lower prices. She contends that the theory is incorrect because over the past two years she has raised the price of her catered meals and yet has seen a brisk increase in sales. How would you respond to Haslina? A) Haslina is right; she has evidence to back her claim. The theory must be erroneous. B) I will explain to her that she is making the error of reverse causality: it is the increase in demand that has enabled her to raise her prices. C) I will explain to her that there are some omitted variables that have contributed to an increase in her sales such as changes in income. D) Haslina is making the mistake of assuming that correlation implies causation. Answer: C Page Ref: 30/30 Topic: Cause and Effect *: Recurring Table 1-4 Year Flat-Panel TV Sets (millions) 2007 1.0 2008 1.5 2009 7.3 2010 12.7 2011 20.0 22) Refer to Table 1-4. The table above shows the sales of flat-panel television sets in Central America. Present the information using a bar graph. Answer: Page Ref: 25/25 Topic: Graphs Learning Outcome: Micro-2: Interpret and analyze information presented in different types of graphs