Our Sexual and Reproductive Anatomy.docx

OUR SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY TEACHING TIPS A. Potential problems Some students who enroll in human sexuality will begin the course thinking that they know a great deal about the subject matter. However, never assume that they know anything. I have found, for example, that a few students are unable to identify the anus in an unlabeled drawing similar to Figure 2-2. Also, do not assume that all the students have some familiarity with the correct anatomical terms. Most of the students begin the course using a slang vocabulary and some may have never used even the most common terms (e.g., penis, testicles, vagina). Perhaps the biggest problem at this stage of the course will be the students' anxiety level. Most of them have never even talked to their parents about sex and are not used to anyone talking so openly about the subject, much less showing slides or drawings of male and female genitalia. Anxiety often translates into childish giggling and talking. It is a good idea to spend some time "breaking the ice" before you lecture about anatomy. A good way to do this is to address the students' use of slang terminology (see B and C). B. Media resources 1. "Breaking the Language Barrier, Sexual Slang," distributed by Focus International, Inc., is an excellent slide series designed to relieve anxiety at the beginning of a human sexuality course. The slides are ordered in pairs; the first of each pair shows the proper name for part of the sexual anatomy or for a sexual behavior. The students are instructed to say (out loud) as many slang terms as they know for each. The second slide then shows numerous slang terms. I have used this with great success. It “breaks the ice” and helps relieve initial anxieties and embarrassment. However, I have encountered problems when there is a large enrollment—students not enrolled (almost always men) may attend class that day just to try to be gross. I find that this exercise works best after the first two or three lectures, just before the anatomy lectures. 2. See if your biology (or anatomy) department has models of pelvic anatomy that you can use. 3. “Your Pelvic and Breast Examination” (12 minutes), distributed by Perennial Education, shows in good detail these two very important examinations for women. Great for relieving anxiety. “Living with Prostate Cancer” (28 minutes), distributed by Films for the Humanities & Sciences, is another film taken from a Phil Donahue program. It is a relatively short, excellent film for men. “Fire Eyes: Female Circumcision” (60 minutes), distributed by Filmmakers Library, examines the medical and socioeconomic aspects of this custom that is common in some parts of the world. A long film, but very good if you are emphasizing cross-cultural aspects of sexuality. C. Classroom activities/Discussion 1. Use the slide series (B-1 above) to relieve anxieties. Alternatively, write the proper names of the sexual anatomy and several sexual behaviors on the blackboard and have the students say (out loud) as many slang terms as they know for each. Discuss whether the slang terms have positive or negative connotations and why we often use terms for sexual body parts and functions in a negative manner. 2. Have the students label drawings (unlabeled) of the sexual anatomy. 3. Discuss possible double standards regarding the male and female genitals (e.g., most men are not ashamed of their genitals, but many women are). 4. Have the students discuss the role of breast size in (a) a woman's self-concept, and (b) men’s views of femininity and sexuality. D. Outside activities 1. Have the students examine their own genitals at home in privacy and identify as many parts as possible (women will need a hand mirror for this). Anticipate that some students will have difficulty with this and discuss the importance of a positive self-concept as well as the idea that no one should be ashamed of their own body. 2. Tell the students to give themselves a breast or testicular self-examination and to write a one-page paper describing the results (to ensure that they have done it). Give the addresses and phone numbers of local sources that conduct pelvic and prostate exams. Give extra credit to anyone who has such an exam done during the course TEST QUESTIONS A. Multiple choice 1. The use of slang terms to describe our sexual anatomy p. 33 a. is more common among men than women Factual b. sometimes leads to misinformation d c. often reflects an individual's ambivalent feelings about sex d. all of the above 2. The external female genitalia are collectively known as the p. 34 a. vagina Factual b. vulva b c. vestibule d. mons veneris 3. Which of the following structures is NOT part of the vulva? p. 34 a. mons veneris Factual b. labia majora and labia minora c c. cervix d. urethral opening 4. In women, the soft layer of fatty tissue overlaying the area where the pubic bones come together is called the p. 35 a. mons veneris Factual b. labia majora a c. labia minora d. pudendum 5. The elongated folds of skin that cover the vaginal and urethral openings are called the p. 36 a. perineum Factual b. labia b c. foreskin d. clitoral hood 6. The____________ are two folds of skin that extend from the mons to the perineum and which become covered with hair at puberty. p. 36 a. labia majora Factual b. vestibular bulbs a c. labia minora d. perineum 7. The clitoral hood is formed by the joining of the p. 36 a. labia majora Factual b. labia minora b c. labia majora and labia minora d. mons veneris and labia majora 8. The ____________ are located at the base of the labia minora and contribute a few drops of fluid to the inner surfaces during sexual arousal. p. 36 a. perineum Factual b. vestibular bulbs d c. Cowper's glands d. Bartholin's glands 9. The clitoris p. 37 a. is very sensitive to touch Factual b. develops from the same embryonic tissue as the penis d c. is the only structure with no known function other than to focus pleasurable sensations during sexual arousal d. all of the above 10. In women, the organ most similar to the penis in structure is the p. 37 a. clitoris Factual b. cervix a c. labia d. vagina 11. Ann is experiencing very little sensation during sexual intercourse. Her partner might be advised to provide her with greater stimulation of the p. 37 a. vagina Applied b. labia c c. clitoris d. uterus 12. The area between the two labia minora is called the p. 37 a. vulva Factual b. vaginismus area d c. vaginitis area d. vestibular area 13. The are located on both sides of the vaginal opening and help grip the p. 37 penis by swelling with blood during sexual arousal. Factual a. vestibular bulbs a b. Bartholin’s glands c. Cowper’s glands d. all of the above 14. The hymen p. 38 a. is an accurate measure of previous sexual experience Factual b. is found in all primate females d c. is not easily broken or stretched d. none of the above 15. In women, the urethral opening is located between the p. 38 a. clitoris and vaginal opening Factual b. vaginal opening and anus a c. clitoris and mons veneris d. vaginal opening and perineum 16. Breast size is determined by p. 38 a. the amount of fatty tissue Factual b. the number of mammary glands a c. the amount of exercise that enlarges breasts d. all of the above 17. Which of the following statements about a woman's breasts is TRUE? p. 38 a. breast size determines a woman's level of sensitivity to touch Factual b. having large breasts is related to being able to have multiple orgasms d c. breast size is related to sexual responsiveness d. breast size is unrelated to sensitivity or sexual responsiveness 18. Other than skin cancer, the most common type of cancer in women is p. 40 a. cancer of the cervix Factual b. cancer of the ovaries c c. breast cancer d. lung cancer 19. The best time for women to examine themselves for breast cancer is p. 40 a. during menstruation Applied b. after menstruation b c. during ovulation d. all times during the menstrual cycle are equally good 20. To find cancerous breast tumors that are too small to be felt by hand, the American Cancer Society has been recommending that women have p. 40 a. Pap smears Applied b. EKG's d c. EEG's d. mammograms 21. If an egg and sperm unite, it usually occurs in the p. 42 a. Fallopian tubes Factual b. vagina a c. uterus d. ovaries 22. Which of the following paths will an ovum take out of a woman's body if it is not fertilized? p. 42 a. ovary, cervix, Fallopian tube, vagina Factual b. ovary, Fallopian tube, uterus, vagina b c. Fallopian tube, ovary, uterus, vagina d. vagina, uterus, Fallopian tube, ovary 23. Vaginal lubrication p. 42 a. often decreases after menopause Factual b. is super-filtered blood plasma d c. results from the walls of the vagina becoming filled with blood d. all of the above 24. A musky smell from the vagina is an indication of p. 42 a. vaginal infection Factual b. too much lactic acid c c. a normal, healthy vagina d. the need for feminine hygiene products 25. Feminine hygiene products p. 42 a. should be used regularly after sexual intercourse Applied b. help prevent vaginal yeast infections d c. are necessary for normal female hygiene d. none of the above 26. The walls of the inner two thirds of the vagina are p. 43 a. relatively insensitive to touch Factual b. very sensitive to touch a c. more sensitive to touch than the vaginal opening d. as sensitive to touch as the clitoris 27. Exercises that are designed to strengthen the pubococcygeus muscle are called p. 44 a. PC exercises Factual b. Kegel exercises b c. G-spot exercises d. vaginal stretches 28. Which of these statements about the Grafenberg spot (G-spot) is FALSE? p. 44 a. it is on the front wall of the vagina Factual b. stimulation of it can lead to an orgasm c c. almost all women have one d. it was discovered by a man named Grafenberg 29. The uterus opens into the vagina through the p. 44 a. fundus Factual b. vestibule d c. endometrium d. cervix 30. A fertilized egg normally implants in the of the uterus. p. 44 a. endometrium Factual b. perimetrium a c. cervix d. fundus 31. Which of the following statements about the Fallopian tubes is TRUE? p. 44 a. they extend 3 to 4 inches laterally Factual b. the fertilized egg takes 3 to 4 days to pass through a Fallopian tube d c. there is no direct physical connection between the tubes and the ovaries d. all of the above 32. Each egg is contained within a thin capsule to form a(n) p. 44 a. ovary Factual b. ovum d c. fimbria d. follicle 33. The ovaries p. 44 a. develop from the same embryonic tissue as the testicles Factual b. continue to produce new eggs from birth through menopause a c. have a direct connection with the Fallopian tubes d. all of the above 34. A Pap smear is used to detect p. 45 a. breast cancer Factual b. cancer of the cervix b c. cancer of the prostate d. all of the above 35. Women should start having regular pelvic exams and Pap smear tests p. 45 a. at puberty Factual b. when they start having sexual intercourse b c. at age 21 d. at menopause 36. The __________ has a reproductive function and also a urinary function. p. 47 a. prostate gland Factual b. penis b c. vagina d. b and d 37. The smooth rounded end of the penis is called the p. 47 a. glans Factual b. penile gland a c. corona d. corpora cavernosa 38. Regarding male circumcision, the American Academy of Pediatrics currently p. 49 a. favors the operation for health reasons Factual b. takes a neutral stand, leaving it to the parents and physicians c c. opposes the routine use of the operation, saying that normal bathing is just as effective for health reasons d. favors the operation for promoting cultural similarity among men 39. The shaft of the penis is made up of p. 47 a. smooth muscle fibers Factual b. a bone and surrounding tissue c c. parallel cylinders of spongy tissue d. the corona and glans 40. The human penis becomes erect during sexual arousal because of p. 49 a. a bone that protrudes into it Factual b. blood filling it b c. the urethra expanding d. muscles contracting and enlarging 41. The external sac in men that contains the testicles is the p. 49 a. scrotum Factual b. prostate a c. seminal vesicles d. testicles 42. Sperm can be produced only at a temperature p. 49 a. lower than normal body temperature Factual b. greater than normal body temperature a c. within one degree of normal body temperature d. equal to the outside environment 43. The testicles develop from the same embryonic tissue as the p. 50 a. prostate gland Factual b. ovaries b c. penis d. vagina 44. Sperm are produced in the p. 50 a. cells of Leydig Factual b. seminiferous tubules b c. spermatic cord d. all of the above 45. You are a sperm and have just completed your journey through the vas deferens. You are about to enter the p. 50 a. testicles Factual b. epididymis d c. seminal vesicles d. ejaculatory ducts 46. Which of these is the correct order in which sperm travel from the seminiferous tubules during ejaculation? p. 50 a. ejaculatory ducts, vas deferens, epididymis, urethra Factual b. epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra b c. urethra, ejaculatory ducts, epididymis, vas deferens d. scrotum, vas deferens, urethra, ejaculatory ducts 47. In which part of the male duct system do sperm get mixed with fluids to form p. 50 semen? Factual a. epididymis c b. vas deferens c. ejaculatory ducts d. urethra 48. Which of the following produces most of the fluid in semen? p. 51 a. vas deferens Factual b. Cowper's glands c c. prostate gland and seminal vesicles d. testicles 49. A man should examine himself for testicular cancer p. 52 a. after a cool bath or shower Applied b. after a warm bath or shower b c. first thing in the morning d. at the beginning of the month 50. The fluid that appears at the tip of the penis prior to orgasm is produced by the p. 52 a. seminal vesicles Factual b. prostate gland d c. urethra d. Cowper's glands 51. Cancer of the is the most common nonskin type of cancer in men. p. 53 a. testicles Factual b. epididymis c c. prostate d. vas deferens 52. Which of these statements regarding the prostate gland is FALSE? p. 53 a. enlargement of the prostate is most common in men over age 40 Factual b. the American Cancer Society recommends that all men have a yearly d prostate exam starting at age 50, or 45 if you are African American c. early symptoms of prostate problems may include difficulty in urination or frequent need to urinate, especially at night d. about one man in every 1000 develops cancer of the prostate B. True-False p. 35 53. One of the probable functions of pubic hair is to trap secretions that occur Factual during sexual arousal. a a. True b. False p. 36 54. The inner, elongated folds of skin that cover the vaginal and urethral Factual openings are called the labia majora. b a. True b. False p. 37 55. The vagina develops from the same embryonic tissue as the penis. Factual a. True b. False b p. 37 56. The erotic pleasure of women is related to the size of their clitoris. Factual a. True b. False b p. 37 57. Removal of the clitoris is a common practice in parts of Africa. Factual a. True b. False a p. 37 58. The hymen is a poor indicator of whether or not a woman has had sexual Factual intercourse. a a. True b. False p. 38 59. Breast size is determined by the number of mammary glands. Factual a. True b. False b p. 40 60. Breast cancer is the most common type of nonskin cancer in women. Applied a. True b. False a p. 40 61. The American Cancer Society recommends that women should examine Applied themselves for breast cancer on a monthly basis. a a. True b. False p. 41 62. Most lumps discovered in women's breasts are cancerous. Factual a. True b. False b p. 41 63. With early detection, lumpectomy and radiation treatment can be as Factual effective as radical mastectomy. a a. True b. False p. 42 64. The female's vagina serves as receptacle for the penis, as the birth canal, Factual and as the passageway for urine. b a. True b. False p. 42 65. Vaginal lubrication is really super-filtered blood plasma resulting from Factual engorgement of the vaginal walls with blood. a a. True b. False p. 42 66. The odor of a healthy vagina is musky and nonoffensive. Factual a. True b. False a p. 42 67. Women should use feminine hygiene sprays and douches in order to prevent Applied vaginal infections. b a. True b. False p. 44 68. Only 10% or fewer of women have a Grafenberg spot. Factual a. True b. False a p. 44 69. Each Fallopian tube is directly connected to the uterus at one end and to an Factual ovary at the other end. b a. True b. False p. 44 70. The ovaries produce several thousand new eggs every month until Factual menopause. b a. True b. False p. 45 71. Women who have had numerous sexual partners are at higher risk for Factual cervical cancer than celibate women. a a. True b. False p. 47 72. The glans of the penis is the expanded front end of the two corpora Factual cavernosa. b a. True b. False p. 49 73. The American Academy of Pediatrics favors circumcision in boys for Factual hygiene purposes. b a. True b. False p. 49 74. In males of some mammalian species, but not humans, an erection results Factual from a bone that protrudes into the penis. a a. True b. False p. 49 75. Sperm can be produced only at several degrees below normal body Factual temperature. a a. True b. False p. 50 76. Sperm are produced in one testicle and male hormones in the other. Factual a. True b. False b p. 50 77. The vas deferens is the passageway for both urine and sperm. Factual a. True b. False b p. 50 78. In men, the urethra travels through the corpus spongiosum of the penis. Factual a. True b. False a p. 51 79. Most of the volume of an ejaculation is made up of sperm. Factual a. True b. False b p. 52 80. Cancer of the testicles occurs mainly in men aged 20 to 35. Factual a. True b. False a p. 53 81. It is common for the prostate to enlarge as men grow older. Factual a. True b. False a C. Essay 82. Describe the production of sperm and their passage through a man's reproductive system (be sure to include how semen is formed). 83. Describe in detail the passage of an ovum after ovulation. 84. In this chapter you learned about some anatomical structures in men and women that develop from the same tissue during embryonic (first 2 months of pregnancy) development. Name two pairs of these structures and describe how they are similar in structure and function. 85. List the specific structures in men’s and women’s sexual anatomy that are very sensitive to touch (i.e., have lots of nerve endings). Are there any structures that are stimulated during sexual intercourse that are not very sensitive to touch? 86. Discuss the pros and cons of routine circumcision in newborn boys. 87. Describe the methods of self-examination for cancer of the breasts and testicles.