Chapter 5 - Understanding Nutrition 13th Edition by Whitney

Chapter 5 – The Lipids: Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Sterols Multiple Choice 1. In which form are most dietary lipids found? a. Sterols b. Glycerols c. Triglycerides d. Monoglycerides 2. Lipids that are solid at room temperature are known as a. oils. b. fats. c. omegas. d. glycerols. 3. Lipids that are liquid at room temperature are known as a. oils. b. fats. c. omegas. d. glycerols. 4. What is the chemical composition of fats? a. Hexose polymers b. Glycogen granules c. Fatty acids and glycerol d. Combinations of long-chain fatty acids 5. A compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol would be known as a a. diglyceride. b. triglyceride. c. phospholipid. d. monoglyceride. 6. What compound is composed of 3 fatty acids and glycerol? a. Steroid b. Lecithin c. Triglyceride d. Monoglyceride 7. How many double bonds are present in stearic acid? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 8. Which of the following is a property of dietary lipids? a. Omega-3 fatty acids are always unsaturated b. Lipids that are solid at room temperature are classified as oils c. The fatty acids in triglycerides may be of chain length 2 to 25 carbons d. The most common fatty acid chain length in triglycerides is 10 carbons 9. What is the simplest 18-carbon fatty acid? a. Stearic acid b. Linoleic acid c. Palmitic acid d. Linolenic acid 10. Which of the following represents a chief source of short-chain and medium-chain fatty acids? a. Fish b. Eggs c. Dairy d. Soybeans 11. How many hydrogen atoms are attached to each carbon adjacent to a double bond? a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 6 12. Like _____, lipids are made of _____ atoms. a. vitamins; C, N, and O b. carbohydrates; C, H, and O c. protein; C, H, O, and N d. water; C, H, and O 13. Lipids differ in their degree of saturation or unsaturation due to their number of a. amino acids. b. double bonds. c. saccharide units. d. peptide linkages. 14. Which of the following is a common dietary saturated fatty acid? a. Oleic acid b. Stearic acid c. Linolenic acid d. Arachidonic acid 15. Approximately how many carbons are contained in a medium-chain fatty acid? a. 2-4 b. 6-10 c. 12-22 d. 24-26 16. Which of the following is a common source of medium-chain fatty acids? a. Fish oils b. Beef products c. Vegetable oils d. Dairy products 17. Which of the following describes a fatty acid that has one double bond? a. Saturated b. Hydrogenated c. Monounsaturated d. Polyunsaturated 18. What type of fatty acid is found in high amounts in olive oil? a. Saturated b. Monounsaturated c. Polyunsaturated d. Partially hydrogenated 19. Which one of the following compounds is missing 4 or more hydrogen atoms? a. Monounsaturated fatty acid b. Polyunsaturated fatty acid c. Long-chain saturated fatty acid d. Short-chain saturated fatty acid 20. Which of the following is a polyunsaturated fatty acid in foods? a. Oleic acid b. Acetic acid c. Stearic acid d. Linoleic acid 21. A person wishing to increase consumption of polyunsaturated fats should choose a. coconut oil. b. beef products. c. vegetable oils. d. dairy products. 22. An omega-3 fatty acid has its first double bond on the a. third carbon from the acid end. b. first 3 carbons from the acid end. c. third carbon from the methyl end. d. first 3 carbons from the methyl end. 23. What is a triacylglycerol? a. A triglyceride b. A phospholipid c. A partially hydrolyzed lipid d. A lipid found only in cold-water fish 24. The easiest way to increase intake of oleic acid is to consume more a. lard oil. b. corn oil. c. olive oil. d. safflower oil. 25. A triglyceride always contains 3 a. carbons. b. glycerols. c. fatty acids. d. double bonds. 26. Which of the following is a feature of polyunsaturated fats? a. Low melting point b. High melting point c. Solid at room temperature d. Solid at refrigerator temperature 27. Which of the following is known as a tropical oil? a. Coconut oil b. Flaxseed oil c. Safflower oil d. Conjugated linoleic acid 28. Which of the following is a factor that determines the hardness of a fat at a given temperature? a. Origin of the fat b. Degree of saturation c. Number of acid groups d. Number of oxygen atoms 29. Which of the following sources would yield the softest lipids at room temperature? a. Lard b. Beef c. Pork d. Safflower 30. A major cause of rancidity of lipids in foods is exposure to a. heat and oxygen. b. fluorescent lighting. c. freezer temperatures. d. enrichment additives. 31. Which of the following structural features of fatty acids determines their susceptibility to spoilage by oxygen? a. Chain length b. Number of double bonds c. Position of first saturated bond d. Size of adjacent fatty acids on the triglyceride molecule 32. Which of the following is a characteristic of lipids? a. A quick way to spoil fats is by exposure to carbon dioxide b. Typically, the shorter the carbon chain, the firmer the fat at 75° c. Corn and sunflower oils are more prone to spoilage than palm kernel oil d. Palm oil and coconut oil are very liquid due to their longer carbon chains 33. When stored at room temperature in loosely capped containers, which of the following dietary lipids would turn rancid in the shortest time? a. Lard b. Peanut oil c. Soybean oil d. Coconut oil 34. Which of the following would be least effective at preventing oxidation of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in processed foods? a. Refrigeration b. Addition of BHT c. Partial hydrogenation d. Addition of phosphorus 35. Which of the following is NOT a method used by food processors to stabilize the lipids in food products? a. Refrigeration b. Hydrogenation c. Tightly sealed packaging d. Addition of oxidizing chemicals 36. Characteristics of hydrogenated oils include all of the following EXCEPT a. they are stored in adipose tissue. b. they lower HDL and raise LDL cholesterol in the body. c. some of their fatty acids change shape from cis to trans. d. products containing them become rancid sooner, contributing to a shorter shelf life. 37. Which of the following has the highest percentage of its fat in saturated form? a. Butter b. Walnut oil c. Beef tallow d. Coconut oil 38. Which of the following has the highest percentage of its fat in polyunsaturated form? a. Butter b. Corn oil c. Beef tallow d. Coconut oil 39. Which of the following characteristics is shared by olive oil and canola oil? a. Neither is liquid at room temperature b. Neither contains saturated fatty acids c. Both contain high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids d. Both contain high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids 40. Which of the following provides abundant amounts of omega-3 fatty acids? a. Palm oil b. Walnut oil c. Soybean oil d. Flaxseed oil 41. The food industry often carries out the process of hydrogenation on which of the following lipids? a. Corn oil b. Olive oil c. Beef tallow d. Coconut oil 42. Which of the following is considered a major source of polyunsaturated fat? a. Corn oil b. Palm oil c. Peanut oil d. Chicken fat 43. Which of the following lipids contain(s) saturated fat? a. Butter only b. Soybean oil only c. Cottonseed oil only d. Butter, cottonseed oil, and soybean oil 44. All of the following are rich sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids EXCEPT a. palm oil. b. fish oils. c. soybean oil. d. safflower oil. 45. In the process of fat hydrogenation, hydrogen atoms are added to which part of the molecule? a. Oxygen b. Carbon c. Glycerol d. Other hydrogens 46. What is a conjugated linoleic acid? a. A type of cis-fatty acid b. A partially hydrogenated omega-6 lipid c. A fatty acid with the chemical make-up of linoleic acid but with a different configuration d. A fatty acid resulting from the partial hydrolysis of dietary phospholipids in the intestinal tract 47. Oil that is partially hydrogenated sometimes changes one or more of its double bond configurations from a. cis to trans. b. solid to liquid. c. covalent to ionic. d. saturated to unsaturated. 48. Which of the following is descriptive of fatty acid configuration? a. A cis-fatty acid has an extended, linear formation b. A trans-fatty acid has a folded, U-shape formation c. Trans-fatty acids are made only from polyunsaturated fats d. Naturally occurring trans-fatty acids are found in dairy products 49. Which of the following describes a feature of cis-fatty acids and trans-fatty acids? a. In nature, most double bonds are trans b. Hydrogenation converts trans-fatty acids to cis-fatty acids c. The conversion of cis-fatty acids to trans-fatty acids is inhibited by the presence of antioxidants d. In the body, trans-fatty acids are metabolized more like saturated fats than like unsaturated fats 50. Which of the following is a feature of phospholipids? a. Resistant to digestion b. Soluble in both water and fat c. Highly susceptible to oxidation d. Found naturally only in animal foods 51. Which of the following is NOT a component of lecithin? a. Choline b. Phosphate c. Fatty acids d Magnesium 52. What type of compound is lecithin? a. Bile salt b. Glycolipid c. Lipoprotein d. Phospholipid 53. What is the usual fate of dietary lecithin? a. Hydrolyzed in the intestines b. Unabsorbed and passes out in the feces c. Absorbed intact and incorporated into tissues d. Absorbed intact and broken down by the liver 54. Which of the following is a feature of choline? a. It is a part of lecithin b. It is a type of cis-fatty acid c. It is a type of trans-fatty acid d. It is attached to omega-3 fatty acids 55. Which of the following is NOT a feature of lecithin? a. Widespread in foods b. Found in cell membranes c. Contains a sulfate group d. Manufactured by the body 56. Which of the following characteristics are shared by cholesterol and lecithin? a. Both are sterols b. Both are phospholipids c. Both are synthesized in the body d. Both are essential dietary nutrients 57. Which of the following does NOT act as an emulsifier in the intestinal tract? a. Lecithin b. Bile acids c. Pancreatic lipase d. Bile phospholipids 58. What is the major sterol in an omnivorous diet? a. Palm oil b. Lecithin c. Cholesterol d. Arachidonic acid 59. About how much cholesterol is synthesized by the liver every day? a. None b. A few mg c. Less than 300 mg d. At least 800 mg 60. Which of the following foods contains cholesterol? a. Corn b. Olives c. Roasted turkey d. Roasted peanuts 61. What is the major source of “good” cholesterol? a. Fatty fish b. Fatty meat c. Endogenous synthesis d. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids 62. A common feature of the plant sterols is they a. raise LDL and lower HDL. b. inhibit absorption of dietary cholesterol. c. inhibit absorption of “bad” cholesterol. d. enhance absorption of omega-3 fatty acids. 63. Which of the following CANNOT be found in plants? a. Cholesterol b. Triglycerides c. Essential fatty acids d. Nonessential fatty acids 64. Which of the following is a feature of cholesterol? a. Synthesized by the body b. No relation to heart disease c. Recommended intake is zero d. No function in the human body 65. Which of the following is a feature of cholesterol? a. Only about 10% of the body’s total cholesterol is extracellular b. “Bad” cholesterol is a form of cholesterol found in plant foods c. “Good” cholesterol is a form of cholesterol found in plant foods d. Exogenous cholesterol absorption is reduced by lecithin supplements 66. Which of the following is a characteristic of cholesterol? a. It is absorbed directly into the blood b. It is a precursor for bile and vitamin D synthesis c. It is not formed in the body when provided by the diet d. It is found in abundance in tropical fats such as palm oil 67. Which of the following is a feature of cholesterol? a. Its Daily Value is 300 mg b. Its structure is similar to that of lecithin c. Most of the body’s cholesterol is found circulating in the bloodstream d. The amount consumed in the diet usually exceeds the amount synthesized in the body 68. All of the following compounds may be synthesized from cholesterol EXCEPT a. bile. b. glucose. c. vitamin D. d. sex hormones. 69. Which of the following is NOT a destination for cholesterol? a. Synthesized into bile b. Excreted in the feces c. Accumulates on walls of veins d. Accumulates on walls of arteries 70. What term may be used to describe a substance that is hydrophobic? a. Lipophilic b. Lipophobic c. Glycerophilic d. Glycerophobic 71. Which of the following is characteristic of the lipase enzymes? a. Gastric lipase plays a significant role in fat digestion in adults b. Intestinal mucosal lipase is responsible for most dietary fat digestion c. Salivary gland lipase (lingual lipase) plays an active role in fat digestion in infants d. Pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes most dietary triglycerides completely to glycerol and free fatty acids 72. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the bile acids? a. Stored in the gallbladder b. Synthesized from cholesterol c. Manufactured by the gallbladder d. Released into the small intestine whenever fat is present 73. Which of the following organs is NOT known to secrete a lipase? a. Liver b. Stomach c. Pancreas d. Salivary glands 74. In the digestion of fats, emulsifiers function as a. enzymes. b. hormones. c. detergents. d. chylomicrons. 75. What part of the gastrointestinal tract is the predominant site of dietary fat hydrolysis? a. Mouth b. Stomach c. Small intestine d. Large intestine 76. Chylomicrons are synthesized within the a. liver. b. intestinal cells. c. lymphatic system. d. storage compartment of plant seeds. 77. How is soluble fiber in the diet thought to help lower blood cholesterol level? a. It denatures cholesterol in the stomach b. It hydrolyzes cholesterol in the intestinal tract c. It traps cholesterol in the intestinal tract and thus inhibits its absorption d. It enhances excretion of bile leading to increased cholesterol turnover 78. Bile is known to assist in the absorption of a. fat only. b. all nutrients. c. carbohydrate and fat only. d. carbohydrate, fat, and protein only. 79. What is the storage site of bile? a. Liver b. Pancreas c. Gallbladder d. Intestinal epithelial cells 80. Spherical complexes of emulsified fats are known as a. micelles. b. chylomicrons. c. monolipomicrons. d. endogenous bilayer aggregates. 81. Which of the following substances CANNOT be absorbed directly into the blood? a. Glycerol b. Long-chain fatty acids c. Short-chain fatty acids d. Medium-chain fatty acids 82. After a meal, most of the fat that eventually empties into the blood is in the form of particles known as a. micelles. b. chylomicrons. c. low-density lipoproteins. d. very-low-density lipoproteins. 83. Your aunt Gladys has a family history of heart disease. She decides to begin eating a bowl of oatmeal every morning to help lower her blood cholesterol. After about a month of following this routine, her cholesterol declined about 5 points. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this effect? a. Oatmeal is a low-fat food and inhibits the body’s synthesis of cholesterol b. Oatmeal is high in complex fibers that inhibit cholesterol-synthesizing enzymes c. Oatmeal consumed on a regular basis suppresses the craving for high-cholesterol foods d. Oatmeal is high in soluble fibers that trap bile, causing the body to use more cholesterol for bile replacement 84. Which of the following is an example of enterohepatic circulation? a. Chylomicron conversion to LDLs and HDLs b. Recycling of bile from the intestine to the liver c. Hormonal control of pancreatic digestive secretions d. Liver secretion of eicosanoids that promote absorption of eicosanoid precursors 85. What lipoprotein is largest in size? a. Chylomicron b. High-density lipoprotein c. Low-density lipoprotein d. Very-low-density lipoprotein 86. In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein, a high-density lipoprotein contains a. less lipid. b. less protein. c. more cholesterol. d. more carbohydrate. 87. Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol? a. Chylomicron b. Low-density lipoprotein c. High-density lipoprotein d. Very-low-density lipoprotein 88. After a fat-containing meal is absorbed, about how many hours does it take the body to remove the chylomicrons from the blood? a. 2 b. 5 c. 10 d. 14 89. Among the following, which would be the least effective method to control blood cholesterol levels? a. Control body weight b. Eat more insoluble fiber c. Consume less saturated fat d. Engage in physical activity 90. What tissue contains special receptors for removing low-density lipoproteins from the circulation? a. Liver b. Adipose c. Arterial walls d. Skeletal muscle 91. A high risk of heart attack correlates with high blood levels of a. free fatty acids. b. high-density lipoproteins. c. low-density lipoproteins. d. very low-density lipoproteins. 92. What lipoprotein is responsible for transporting cholesterol back to the liver from the periphery? a. Chylomicron b. Low-density lipoprotein c. High-density lipoprotein d. Very-low density lipoprotein 93. A low risk of cardiovascular disease correlates with high blood levels of a. triglycerides. b. free fatty acids. c. high-density lipoproteins. d. very-low-density lipoproteins. 94. What are the substances resistin and adiponectin? a. Glycolipids that regulate synthesis of lipoproteins b. Intestinal cell hormones that regulate secretion of bile c. Intestinal cell hormones that trigger secretion of pancreatic juice d. Proteins secreted from fat cells that help regulate energy balance 95. An important function of fat in the body is to a. build muscle tissue. b. regulate blood glucose levels. c. protect vital organs against shock. d. provide precursors for glucose synthesis. 96. Which of the following lipids is an essential nutrient? a. Lecithin b. Cholesterol c. Stearic acid d. Linoleic acid 97. Which of the following is used by the body to synthesize arachidonic acid? a. Oleic acid b. Linoleic acid c. Palmitic acid d. Linolenic acid 98. Which of the following is an omega-3 fat? a. Acetic acid b. Palmitic acid c. Linoleic acid d. Docosahexaenoic acid 99. What is the immediate precursor for the eicosanoids? a. Glucose b. Hormones c. Fatty acids d. Cholesterol 100. Aspirin works to reduce the symptoms of infection or pain by retarding the synthesis of a. arachidonic acid. b. certain eicosanoids. c. certain saturated fatty acids. d. certain unsaturated fatty acids. 101. Which of the following foods provide(s) essential fatty acids? a. Fish only b. Beef only c. Plants only d. Fish, beef, and plants 102. What are the precursors for synthesis of the eicosanoids? a. Steroids b. Short-chain fatty acids c. Medium-chain saturated fatty acids d. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids 103. Which of the following is a feature of adipose cell lipoprotein lipase? a. The enzyme’s activity is reduced by high-fat diets b. The enzyme’s activity is increased by signals from epinephrine and glucagon c. The enzyme works to promote uptake of circulating triglycerides into storage triglycerides d. The enzyme is involved in release of free fatty acids from stored triglyceride into the bloodstream 104. What is the function of lipoprotein lipase? a. Synthesizes lipoproteins in liver cells b. Synthesizes triglycerides in adipose cells c. Assembles lipid particles into chylomicrons d. Hydrolyzes blood triglycerides for uptake into cells 105. Which of the following is a feature of fat metabolism? a. Cholesterol is stored primarily on the surface of veins b. High-density lipoproteins represent the major transport vehicle for delivering fat to the adipose cells c. Fat storage is highly efficient due to the rapid uptake of the intact triglyceride molecule by adipose cells d. Triglycerides in the blood must first be broken down to monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol prior to uptake by the adipose cells 106. The optimal omega-6 : omega-3 fat ratio a. has not been established by research. b. falls within the range of 4:1 to 10:1. c. has been proven to improve heart health. d. has not been studied in humans. 107. What is the function of adipose cell hormone-sensitive lipase? a. Hydrolyzes hormones involved in fat breakdown b. Synthesizes new adipose cells from simple fatty acids c. Hydrolyzes triglycerides to provide fatty acids for other cells d. Synthesizes long-chain fatty acids to provide precursors for other cells 108. Approximately what percentage of the body’s energy needs at rest is supplied by fat? a. 5 b. 25 c. 40 d. 60 109. Which of the following is a feature of essential fatty acid deficiency? a. It is very rare b. It is seen chiefly in Native Americans c. The most common symptoms include insulin resistance and pancreatitis d. Most diets in the United States and Canada are deficient in one or both essential fatty acids 110. What is the approximate kcal content of one pound of body fat? a. 1800 b. 2500 c. 3500 d. 4100 111. What is the highest total blood cholesterol concentration (mg/dL) that falls within the desirable range? a. 50 b. 101 c. 199 d. 299 112. What is the highest blood triglyceride concentration (mg/dL) that falls within the desirable range? a. 99 b. 149 c. 199 d. 299 113. Among the following dietary fatty acids, which has been found to raise blood cholesterol level by the least amount? a. Lauric b. Stearic c. Myristic d. Palmitic 114. The results of blood tests that reveal a person’s total cholesterol and triglycerides are called a a. lipid profile. b. circulating fat count. c. personal lipids count. d. degenerative disease assessment. 115. Each of the following is known to be linked to excessive intake of fats EXCEPT a. cancer. b. obesity. c. heart disease. d. lactose intolerance. 116. Important factors in the selection of a margarine product include all of the following EXCEPT a. it should be trans fat free. b. it should be soft instead of hard. c. it should contain primarily omega-3 fatty acids. d. it should list liquid vegetable oil as the first ingredient. 117. Your roommate Bob has just come back from the doctor, where he was subjected to a blood lipid profile analysis. The doctor recommended he make dietary changes because the cholesterol results put him at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Which of the following results is consistent with the diagnosis? a. Low LDL and high HDL b. Low HDL and high LDL c. Low DLD and high DHD d. Low LDH and low HDL 118. Which of the following sources of lipids should be substituted for saturated fats to help lower blood cholesterol levels? a. Butter b. Canola oil c. Coconut oil d. Stick margarine 119. Which of the following is a characteristic of egg nutrition? a. Eggs are high in both cholesterol and saturated fat b. High omega-3 fat eggs are now available by prescription only c. Although it is high in cholesterol, the egg is low in saturated fat d. Even in people with a healthy lipid profile, consumption of one egg/day is detrimental 120. Your roommate Jeff wishes to switch from using corn oil to using one that is a good source of omega-3 fats. Which of the following should be recommended? a. Corn oil b. Canola oil c. Safflower oil d. Liquefied lard 121. Which of the following is a feature of fat intake and health? a. Intake of saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than intake of cholesterol b. High intakes of fish oil lower bleeding time and improve diabetes and wound healing c. High intakes of short- and medium-chain fatty acids raise high-density lipoprotein levels d. Trans-fatty acids contained in polyunsaturated fats but not in monounsaturated fats alter blood cholesterol levels 122. Which of the following is a characteristic of the blood cholesterol level? a. The desirable upper range is 250 mg per 100 mL b. It can be reduced by increasing dietary intake of insoluble fiber c. It can be lowered by increasing dietary intake of trans-fat d. It can be lowered more effectively by reducing dietary intake of saturated fat than of cholesterol 123. What is the approximate average daily trans-fatty acid intake in the United States? a. 500 mg b. 2 g c. 6 g d. 12 g 124. Which of the following contains the least cholesterol per serving? a. Steamed fish b. Steamed corn c. Broiled chicken d. Very lean grilled steak 125. Although eating fish supports heart health and fish provides many vitamins and minerals, it is notably poor in a. iron. b. protein. c. unsaturated fats. d. omega-3 fatty acids. 126. Major sources of cholesterol include all of the following EXCEPT a. Meat b. Shrimp c. Avocados d. Hamburger 127. When consumed regularly, which of the following fatty acids helps prevent the formation of blood clots? a. Oleic acid b. Stearic acid c. Arachidonic acid d. Eicosapentaenoic acid 128. Approximately how many milligrams of cholesterol are found in an egg? a. 100 b. 200 c. 300 d. 450 129. Which of the following is a characteristic of eggs in nutrition? a. Consumption of one egg per day by most people is not considered detrimental b. The omega-3 fatty acid content of eggs is increased by feeding hens more coconut oil c. The amount of cholesterol in one egg is about the same as in one serving of ice cream d. The cholesterol is found in approximately equal amounts in the yolk and the white (albumin) 130. Which of the following vegetable oils is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids? a. Corn b. Sesame c. Coconut d. Flaxseed 131. All of the following statements are characteristics of lipid intake among U.S. adults EXCEPT a. trans-fatty acid intake averages about 1 g per day. b. fat provides about 34% of total energy intake. c. cholesterol intake averages about 360 mg per day for men. d. saturated fat intake represents about one–third of total fat intake. 132. Which of the following is a feature of butter and margarine? a. Butter is a major source of trans fatty acids b. Butter contains more saturated fat and cholesterol than margarine does c. Margarine contains approximately half as much cholesterol as butter does d. Stick margarine contains half as much trans-fatty acids as soft margarine does 133. Ronnie eats a fairly balanced diet, but wants to include a good source of omega-3 fats. Which of the following should be your recommendation? a. Eggs b. Salmon c. Low-fat cheeses d. Lean chicken breast 134. What percentage of the DV for saturated fats in the U.S. diet is provided by one egg? a. 5 b. 20 c. 45 d. 75 135. Which of the following is a feature of the lipid content of foods? a. Omega-3 fats are found in fish b. Cholesterol is found in peanuts c. Essential fatty acids are found in olestra d. Low-density lipoproteins are found in coconut oil 136. A meal contains the following amounts of long-chain fatty acids: 3 g EPA, 1 g DHA, 5 g stearic acid, 4 g linolenic acid, 10 g linoleic acid, and 3 g arachidonic acid. What is the approximate ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids? a. 0.4 : 1.0 b. 1.0 : 1.0 c. 1.6 : 1.0 d. 2.4 : 1.0 137. A lacto-ovo vegetarian wishing to ensure a liberal intake of linolenic acid should consume a. eggs and milk. b. canola oil and walnuts. c. safflower oil margarine. d. corn oil and sunflower oil. 138. A person who regularly consumes fish such as shark, king mackerel, and swordfish is at risk for ingesting potentially toxic amounts of a. EPA. b. DHA. c. mercury. d. cadmium. 139. Which of the following is a characteristic of fish consumption? a. Fish is a good source of iron b. Fatty fish contain the highest amounts of omega-3 fatty acids c. The minimum intake to gain any benefit is 3 servings per week d. Even fried fish from fast-food restaurants provide a favorable balance of omega-6 and omega-3 fats 140. High intakes of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are known to increase the risk for all of the following EXCEPT a. poor wound healing. b. higher LDL cholesterol. c. suppressed immune function. d. inflammation of the pancreas. 141. Which of the following is a good source of eicosapentaenoic acid? a. Tuna b. Butter c. Salad oil d. Shortening 142. To achieve a dietary balance of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, what is the recommended intake (g) of omega-3 fats for a person who consumes 30 g of omega-6 fats? a. 5 b. 10 c. 20 d. There is no specific recommendation based on omega-6 intake 143. The oils found in walnuts, soybeans, flaxseed, and wheat germ represent a good source of preformed a. eicosanoids. b. linolenic acid. c. docosahexaenoic acid. d. eicosapentaenoic acid. 144. All of the following foods contain liberal amounts of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid EXCEPT a. tuna. b. salmon. c. human milk. d. soybean oil. 145. Which of the following is a likely explanation for the imbalance between omega-6 and omega-3 lipids in the U.S. diet? a. High intakes of meat and low intakes of fish b. Low intakes of vegetable oils and high intakes of fish c. High intakes of beef fat and low intakes of vegetable oils d. Low intakes of beef fat and high intakes of vegetable oils 146. Which of the following describes a recognized relationship between dietary fat and cancer? a. Fat from milk does not increase risk for cancer b. Dietary fat initiates rather than promotes cancer formation c. High intakes of omega-3 fatty acids promote cancer development in animals d. The evidence linking fat intake with cancer is stronger than that linking it with heart disease 147. According to the DRI, what is the upper limit of fat (g) that may be consumed by a healthy person requiring 3000 kcalories per day? a. 33 b. 66 c. 83 d. 117 148. According to the Dietary Guidelines, what should be the maximum total fat intake as a percentage of energy intake? a. 10 b. 20 c. 35 d. 50 149. Jenny is trying to lose weight by decreasing the fat in her diet. At the grocery store she is overwhelmed by all the claims on the food product labels, and finally chooses an expensive fat-free frozen dessert. Which of the following would be an appropriate analysis of Jenny’s decision? a. Most frozen desserts are fat free and she should not pay extra for one with a fat-free claim b. Since fats contribute 9 kcalories per gram, she can eat twice as many kcalories from this dessert and still lose weight c. As long as she makes sure to eat the dessert before 9 p.m. it should not contribute much to her daily kcaloric intake d. Fat-free products typically have so much added sugar that the kcalorie count can be as high as in the regular-fat product 150. For most adults, what is the recommended minimum amount of fat that should be consumed, as a percentage of total energy intake? a. 5 b. 15 c. 20 d. 35 151. As a percentage of daily energy intake, what is the recommended range for the essential fatty acids? a. 2.5-5.5 b. 5.6-11.2 c. 12-19 d. 20-35 152. According to the Dietary Guidelines, what should be the maximum daily intake of cholesterol on a 2500-kcalorie diet? a. 50 mg b. 150 mg c. 300 mg d. 1,000 mg 153. Approximately how many grams of fat would be contained in an 800-kcalorie meal that provides 50% of the energy from carbohydrate, 20% from protein, and the remainder from fat? a. 15 b. 22 c. 27 d. 35 154. A meal providing 1200 kcalories contains 10 g of saturated fats, 14 g of monounsaturated fats, and 20 g of polyunsaturated fats. What is the percentage of energy supplied by the lipids? a. 22 b. 33 c. 44 d. 55 155. Surveys show that U.S. adults’ average intake of fat as a percentage of total energy intake is a. 20. b. 27. c. 34. d. 55. 156. The average daily cholesterol intake (mg) of U.S. women is about a. 110. b. 230. c. 360. d. 925. 157. Which of the following is a feature of fat in the diet of athletes? a. A minimum of 20% fat energy in the diet is needed b. Energy derived from fat has very little bearing on performance c. Optimal performance is found with a high-carbohydrate, 15% total fat kcalories diet d. Diets with at least 10% total kcalories from fat are still able to provide the recommended amounts of micronutrients 158. Which of the following does NOT describe a function of fat? a. Adds flavor to food b. Serves as a carrier of fat-soluble vitamins c. Is an essential constituent of body tissues d. Supplies up to 25% of the body’s energy needs during rest 159. Which of the following is the most desirable quality that fat adds to foods? a. Color b. Sweetness c. Palatability d. Hydrogenation 160. Which of the following is NOT a feature of dairy products consumption? a. Fat-free milk contains no cholesterol b. Yogurt is known to lower blood cholesterol c. Fermented milk products raise the bacterial population in the colon d. Fat-free milk is lower in kcalories but also lower in protein and calcium than whole milk 161. Which of the following is a characteristic of the lipid content of livestock? a. The meat from grass-fed animals is similar in composition to soy protein b. Grass-fed animals contain more omega-3 fats in the meat than grain-fed animals c. Grain-fed animals contain more polyunsaturated fatty acids in the meat compared with grass-fed animals d. Grain-fed animals contain lower concentrations of fat in the meat compared with grass-fed animals 162. Which of the following is appropriate dietary advice for reducing fat intake? a. Limit intake of all fried foods because they contain abundant fat b. Substitute crackers and cornbread for other starches because they are likely lower in fat c. Consume foods with more invisible fat because this type of fat is not absorbed well from the digestive tract d. Increase consumption of soups, such as cream-of-mushroom soup prepared with water, because the fat content is usually very low 163. A food that represents a visible fat would be a. nuts. b. butter. c. avocados. d. chocolate. 164. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the artificial fat replacer olestra? a. It can be used in the frying of foods b. It leads to constipation in some individuals c. Its chemical structure is similar to a triglyceride d. It lowers absorption of vitamins A and K from foods 165. You and your friend John are planning a college graduation party and you want to include healthy snack alternatives. You select fruit, veggies, low-fat dips, low-fat cheeses, whole-wheat crackers, and low-fat potato chips. John says he has heard about the fat replacer olestra in the potato chips and asks you how it works. You reply that olestra a. slows the pancreas’s release of lipase enzyme. b. consists of tight protein-binding molecules that replace the fat molecules usually present in potato chips. c. contains a fat-like substance that the body’s enzymes can’t break down and therefore cannot be absorbed. d. is first subjected to radiation exposure to desaturate the bonds within the fat molecules, which reduces the kcalorie content. 166. Sucrose polyester is another name for a. BHA. b. DHA. c. olestra. d. trans fat. 167. Which of the following is a drawback of olestra consumption? a. It yields 9 kcalories per gram b. It imparts off-flavors to foods c. It raises blood glucose levels d. It inhibits absorption of vitamin E 168. Which of the following is a feature of olestra in foods? a. It has a class II toxicity rating by the FDA b. It binds to water-soluble vitamins in the digestive tract c. It causes no net loss of fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive tract d. It causes abdominal cramping and loose stools in most consumers 169. Which of the following information about the fat content per serving is NOT on a food label? a. The total fat content, in g b. The trans fat content, in g c. The saturated fat content, in g d. The percentage of total kcalories contributed by fat 170. Results of the Seven Countries Study found that the population groups with highest and lowest rates of heart disease both consumed at least 40% of their kcalories from fat but the healthier group was found to ingest more a. dairy. b. olive oil. c. fatty fish. d. grass-fed livestock. 171. In most nuts, what is the distribution of saturated and unsaturated fats, in order of highest to lowest amounts? a. Monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, saturated b. Polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, saturated c. Polyunsaturated, saturated, monounsaturated d. Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated 172. Which of the following is a feature of nut consumption and improved cardiovascular health? a. The benefit is unrelated to the phytochemical content b. The benefit is unrelated to changes in LDL concentration c. The benefit is found only from ingestion of a few types of nuts d. The benefit may be related, in part, to the high content of monounsaturated fats and low content of saturated fats 173. Of the total fat content of the most commonly eaten nuts in the United States, what is the approximate percentage of monounsaturated fat? a. 5 b. 30 c. 45 d. 60 174. Studies show that regular consumption of fatty fish leads to a. lower blood pressure. b. higher blood cholesterol. c. greater tendency of the blood to clot. d. decreased storage of omega-3 fatty acids. 175. Which of the following fish is generally highest in mercury? a. Shark b. Catfish c. Salmon d. Canned light tuna 176. Why does the FDA advise against consumption of certain fish such as swordfish and tilefish by women of childbearing age? a. These fish are a major source of toxic mercury b. The omega-3 fatty acids may induce premature labor c. The omega-3 fatty acids prolong bleeding time during delivery d. These fish contain unusually high amounts of medium-chain triglycerides 177. A characteristic of farm-raised fish is they are a. lower in omega-3 fats. b. higher in soluble fiber. c. higher in trace elements. d. usually higher in mercury. 178. Studies show that a 1% increase in dietary saturated fatty acids will raise the risk of heart disease by what percentage? a. 0.5 b. 1.0 c. 2.0 d. 5.0 179. Which of the following is NOT a common dietary source of trans fats? a. Fried foods b. Whole milk c. Nondairy creamers d. Microwave popcorn 180. Which of the following is a good plant source of omega-3 lipids? a. Flax seeds b. Safflower oil c. Sunflower seeds d. Corn oil margarine 181. A major feature of the Mediterranean diet is liberal intake of a. eggs. b. olive oil. c. lean meat. d. fortified butter. Matching 1. An 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid 2. A source of medium-chain saturated fatty acids 3. A long-chain saturated fatty acid 4. A good source of monounsaturated fats 5. A phospholipid 6. Major dietary precursor for vitamin D synthesis 7. Source of bile 8. Signals the release of bile 9. Major source of lipase 10. Structure assisting absorption of long-chain fats 11. A lipoprotein synthesized within intestinal absorptive cells 12. A lipoprotein made primarily by the liver 13. The lipoprotein type with the highest percentage of protein 14. Slows the synthesis of eicosanoids 15. An essential fatty acid 16. Common source of trans-fatty acids 17. Good food source of omega-3 fatty acids 18. Good food source of omega-6 fatty acids 19. Fat replacement product made from fat 20. Oil that is characteristic of the Mediterranean diet A. Liver B. Olestra C. Micelle D. Aspirin E. Lecithin F. Corn oil G. Olive oil H. Sardines I. Pancreas J. Canola oil K. Oleic acid L. Stearic acid M Cholesterol N. Potato chips O. Tropical oils P. Chylomicron Q. Linolenic acid R. Cholecystokinin S. High-density lipoprotein T. Very-low density lipoprotein Essay 1. Describe how fatty acids may differ in terms of chain length, saturation and unsaturation, position of the first double bond, and effects of partial hydrogenation, and explain how these differences influence the characteristics of the fatty acids. 2. What methods are used by the food industry to inhibit rancidity of the unsaturated lipids in foods? 3. Describe the process of fat hydrogenation and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. 4. Discuss the meaning and significance of trans-fatty acids in the diet. List four common food sources. 5. Discuss the role of dietary cholesterol and the endogenous production of cholesterol and heart disease. What is meant by “good” and “bad” cholesterol? 6. While shopping at the supermarket, you overhear a man say that, because he was diagnosed with a mild case of atherosclerosis, he intends to become a vegan so as to eliminate all cholesterol from his diet and his body. Discuss the validity of his rationale. 7. Discuss in detail the digestion, absorption, and transport of dietary lipids, including the sterols. 8. Discuss the roles for the lipases that originate in the mouth, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine. 9. Compare and contrast the digestion-absorption mechanisms for long-chain vs. short-chain fatty acids. 10. The fat content of a new snack food is composed of mixed triglycerides in which the three fatty acids attached to the glycerol are a short-chain, a medium-chain, and a long-chain fatty acid. Explain the digestion, absorption, and transport of this lipid. 11. What is the role of micelles in the absorption of lipids and how are they formed? 12. Discuss the composition and function of the major circulating lipoproteins. 13. What factors raise HDL and/or lower LDL? 14. Discuss the functions of lipids in the body. What is the role of the liver in metabolizing and processing fats? 15. How do eicosanoids differ from hormones? 16. List the essential fatty acids (EFA) for human beings. What are the signs of EFA deficiency? What is the minimum amount of EFA required to prevent a deficiency? What foods are rich sources of EFA? 17. Explain the chemical differences between fish oil and corn oil. Discuss the health benefits of fish oil. What are some of the possible disadvantages of increasing the consumption of fish and fish oil supplements? 18. Discuss the roles of hormone-sensitive lipase and lipoprotein lipase in the metabolism of fats. 19. Compare and contrast the risks from consuming margarine or butter. 20. Explain the possible links between dietary fat intake and cancer. 21. Discuss the relationship of dietary fats to atherosclerosis. What dietary changes bring about the greatest reductions in blood lipids? 22. Your uncle discloses that he was found to have a high blood level of LDL and a low concentration of HDL. What changes in lifestyle would help in reversing the LDL and HDL ratio? 23. Your friend does not like the taste of any kind of fish, but wishes to consume more omega-3 fats. What advice is appropriate? 24. Your aunt Lillie has a heart condition and insists that taking liberal amounts of fish oil capsules every day will help her ailment. What are the possible adverse effects from this practice? 25. List strategies for lowering fat intake with minimal impact on diet palatability. 26. Provide examples of how food manufacturers are able to reduce the amount of lipids in their food products. 27. What is meant by “solid fat”? List three common dietary sources of solid fats. 28. Give 3 examples each of good dietary sources of linoleic acid, EPA, linolenic acid, and DHA. 29. Explain the position of the American Heart Association concerning intake of butter and margarine. 30. Discuss the benefits and possible hazards of dietary fat replacers in the diet. 31. How are nuts thought to protect against heart disease? 32. Discuss the potential health benefits of substituting olive oil for other cooking fats. 33. Discuss the health benefits of substituting nuts for other sources of fat in the diet. 34. How are omega-3 fats thought to protect against heart disease? 35. Discuss the most common food sources of harmful fats and ways to reduce their intake. 36. Describe the content of traditional Mediterranean diets and explain the benefits of these foods to cardiovascular health. Answer Key (ANS = correct answer, REF = page reference, DIF = difficulty, OBJ = learning objective) Multiple Choice 1. ANS: c REF: 133 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 2. ANS: b REF: 133-134 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 3. ANS: a REF: 133-134 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 4. ANS: c REF: 130 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 5. ANS: b REF: 130 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 6. ANS: c REF: 130 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 7. ANS: a REF: 131 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 8. ANS: a REF: 130 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 9. ANS: a REF: 130 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 10. ANS: c REF: 131 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 11. ANS: a REF: 131 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 12. ANS: b REF: 129 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 13. ANS: b REF: 131 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 14. ANS: b REF: 132 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 15. ANS: b REF: 131 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 16. ANS: d REF: 131 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 17. ANS: c REF: 131 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 18. ANS: b REF: 131|132 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 19. ANS: b REF: 131 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 20. ANS: d REF: 131|132 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 21. ANS: c REF: 131|132 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 22. ANS: c REF: 132 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 23. ANS: a REF: 133 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 24. ANS: c REF: 131|132 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 25. ANS: c REF: 133 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 26. ANS: a REF: 133-134 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 27. ANS: a REF: 148 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.5 28. ANS: b REF: 133-134 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 29. ANS: d REF: 133-134 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 30. ANS: a REF: 134 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 31. ANS: b REF: 134 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 32. ANS: c REF: 134 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 33. ANS: c REF: 134 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 34. ANS: d REF: 134 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 35. ANS: d REF: 134 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 36. ANS: d REF: 134-135 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 37. ANS: d REF: 134 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 38. ANS: b REF: 134 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 39. ANS: d REF: 133-134 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 40. ANS: d REF: 134 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 41. ANS: a REF: 133-134 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 42. ANS: a REF: 133-134 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 43. ANS: d REF: 134 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 44. ANS: a REF: 134 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 45. ANS: b REF: 134-135 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 46. ANS: c REF: 135 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 47. ANS: a REF: 135 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.1 48. ANS: d REF: 135 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 49. ANS: d REF: 135 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 50. ANS: b REF: 136 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.2 51. ANS: d REF: 136 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.2 52. ANS: d REF: 136 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.2 53. ANS: a REF: 139 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.3 54. ANS: a REF: 136 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.2 55. ANS: c REF: 136 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.2 56. ANS: c REF: 136-137 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.2 57. ANS: c REF: 136-137 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.2 58. ANS: c REF: 137 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.2 59. ANS: d REF: 137 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.2 60. ANS: c REF: 137 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.2 61. ANS: c REF: 137 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.2 62. ANS: b REF: 137 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.2 63. ANS: a REF: 137 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.2 64. ANS: a REF: 137 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.2 65. ANS: a REF: 137 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.2 66. ANS: b REF: 137 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.2 67. ANS: a REF: 137 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.2 68. ANS: b REF: 137 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.2 69. ANS: c REF: 137|140 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.2|5.3 70. ANS: a REF: 136 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.2 71. ANS: c REF: 138 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 72. ANS: c REF: 138 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 73. ANS: a REF: 138 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 74. ANS: c REF: 138|140 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 75. ANS: c REF: 138 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 76. ANS: b REF: 141 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 77. ANS: d REF: 140 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.3 78. ANS: a REF: 138-140 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 79. ANS: c REF: 138 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 80. ANS: a REF: 140 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 81. ANS: b REF: 140-141 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.3 82. ANS: b REF: 141-142 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 83. ANS: d REF: 140 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.3 84. ANS: b REF: 141 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 85. ANS: a REF: 141|142 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 86. ANS: a REF: 142|143 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.3 87. ANS: b REF: 142 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 88. ANS: d REF: 142 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.3 89. ANS: b REF: 144|147 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.3|5.5 90. ANS: a REF: 143 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 91. ANS: c REF: 143 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 92. ANS: c REF: 143 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 93. ANS: c REF: 143 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 94. ANS: d REF: 144 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 95. ANS: c REF: 145 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 96. ANS: d REF: 145 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 97. ANS: b REF: 145 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 98. ANS: d REF: 145 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 99. ANS: c REF: 145 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 100. ANS: b REF: 145-146 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.4 101. ANS: d REF: 145 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.4 102. ANS: d REF: 145 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 103. ANS: c REF: 146 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 104. ANS: d REF: 146 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 105. ANS: d REF: 146 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 106. ANS: a REF: 146 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 107. ANS: c REF: 146 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 108. ANS: d REF: 146 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 109. ANS: a REF: 146 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 110. ANS: c REF: 146 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 111. ANS: c REF: 147 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.5 112. ANS: b REF: 147 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.5 113. ANS: b REF: 147 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.5 114. ANS: a REF: 147 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.5 115. ANS: d REF: 147-148 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.5 116. ANS: c REF: 154 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.6 117. ANS: b REF: 147 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.5 118. ANS: b REF: 149 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.6 119. ANS: c REF: 153 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 120. ANS: b REF: 149 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.6 121. ANS: a REF: 147-148 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.5 122. ANS: d REF: 147-148 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.5 123. ANS: c REF: 149 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.5 124. ANS: b REF: 137|153 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.2|5.6 125. ANS: a REF: 151 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 126. ANS: c REF: 137|153 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.2|5.6 127. ANS: d REF: 149|153 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 128. ANS: b REF: 153 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 129. ANS: a REF: 153 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 130. ANS: d REF: 153 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 131. ANS: a REF: 149 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.5 132. ANS: b REF: 154 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 133. ANS: b REF: 151 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.6 134. ANS: a REF: 153|154 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.6 135. ANS: a REF: 153 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.5 136. ANS: c REF: 145|153 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.4|5.6 137. ANS: b REF: 153 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.6 138. ANS: c REF: 153 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.6 139. ANS: b REF: 151|153 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 140. ANS: d REF: 150 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 141. ANS: a REF: 153 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.6 142. ANS: d REF: 146 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.4 143. ANS: b REF: 153 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.6 144. ANS: d REF: 153 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 145. ANS: a REF: 145-146 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.4 146. ANS: a REF: 148 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.5 147. ANS: d REF: 148 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.5 148. ANS: c REF: 148 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.5 149. ANS: d REF: 148 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.5 150. ANS: c REF: 148 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.5 151. ANS: b REF: 150 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.5 152. ANS: c REF: 148 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.5 153. ANS: c REF: 148|156 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.5|5.6 154. ANS: b REF: 148|156 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.5|5.6 155. ANS: c REF: 149 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.5 156. ANS: b REF: 149 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.5 157. ANS: a REF: 149 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.5 158. ANS: d REF: 146|150 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.4|5.6 159. ANS: c REF: 150 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 160. ANS: d REF: 153 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 161. ANS: b REF: 151 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 162. ANS: a REF: 152-154 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.6 163. ANS: b REF: 154 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.6 164. ANS: b REF: 155-156 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.6 165. ANS: c REF: 155 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.6 166. ANS: c REF: 155 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 167. ANS: d REF: 155-156 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 168. ANS: c REF: 155-156 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 169. ANS: d REF: 154 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.6 170. ANS: b REF: 159 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.7 171. ANS: a REF: 160 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.7 172. ANS: d REF: 160 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.7 173. ANS: d REF: 160 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.7 174. ANS: a REF: 160-161 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.7 175. ANS: a REF: 161 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.7 176. ANS: a REF: 161 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.7 177. ANS: a REF: 161 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.7 178. ANS: c REF: 161 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.7 179. ANS: b REF: 162 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.7 180. ANS: a REF: 162 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.7 181. ANS: b REF: 162 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.7 Matching 1. ANS: K REF: 131 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 2. ANS: O REF: 133-134 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 3. ANS: L REF: 130-131 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 4. ANS: J REF: 131 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 5. ANS: E REF: 136 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.2 6. ANS: M REF: 137 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.2 7. ANS: A REF: 138 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 8. ANS: R REF: 138 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 9. ANS: I REF: 138 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 10. ANS: C REF: 140 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 11. ANS: P REF: 141 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 12. ANS: T REF: 142 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 13. ANS: S REF: 143 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 14. ANS: D REF: 146 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 15. ANS: Q REF: 145 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 16. ANS: N REF: 148 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.5 17. ANS: H REF: 149 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 18. ANS: F REF: 153 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 19. ANS: B REF: 155 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 20. ANS: G REF: 162 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.7 Essay 1. REF: 130-135 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 2. REF: 134-135 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 3. REF: 134-135 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1 4. REF: 135|148 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.1|5.5 5. REF: 137|143-144 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.2|5.3 6. REF: 137 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.2 7. REF: 137-143 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 8. REF: 138-139 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 9. REF: 138-141 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 10. REF: 138-142 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.3 11. REF: 140 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 12. REF: 141-144 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 13. REF: 143-144 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.3 14. REF: 144-146 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 15. REF: 145-146 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 16. REF: 145-146|150|153 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4|5.6 17. REF: 145-146|149-150 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4|5.6 18. REF: 146 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4 19. REF: 147-148|154 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.5|5.6 20. REF: 148 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.5 21. REF: 144|147-154 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.4|5.5|5.6 22. REF: 144|147-154 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.4|5.5|5.6 23. REF: 149-150|153 DIF: Application-level OBJ: 5.6 24. REF: 150 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 25. REF: 150-156 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 26. REF: 150-151|155-156 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 27. REF: 154 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 28. REF: 153 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 29. REF: 154 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 30. REF: 155-156 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.6 31. REF: 160 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.7 32. REF: 159-160 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.7 33. REF: 160 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.7 34. REF: 160-161 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.7 35. REF: 161-162 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.7 36. REF: 162-164 DIF: Knowledge-level OBJ: 5.7