Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science

Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Multiple Choice Questions: Neurologically, a dissociation is when __________. one component of mental functioning is disrupted, but others are not the activities of the mind can be separated from those of the body different neural processes operate separately neuroimaging can be isolated from neurophysiology Page: 33 Answer: a When there is a disruption of one mental process (but not others) due to brain damage, this is called a __________. association dissociation partonomy finding Page: 33 Answer: b If one patient has a neurological disruption of mental process A but not mental process B, and another patient has a neurological disruption of mental process B, but not mental process A, this is called __________. a double blind study transcranial activity a double dissociation morphological distinction Page: 33 Answer: c What are the basic building blocks of the nervous system? neurotransmitters neurons dendrites action potentials Page: 34 Answer: b __________ is the cell that is specialized for receiving and transmitting a neural impulse. Synapse Myelin Neuron Node Page: 34 Answer: c How many neurons does a typical person have in his or her brain? millions trillions thousands billions Page: 34 Answer: d How many neural connections exist in each person’s brain? billions thousands millions trillions Page: 34 Answer: d Information comes into a neuron through the __________. axon dendrites myelin sheath nodes of Ranvier Page: 34 Answer: b A neuron’s myelin (if it has any) is produced by __________. the axon dendrites other neurons glial cells Page: 34 Answer: d Unmyelinated neurons correspond to __________. dark matter dark energy gray matter white matter Page: 36 Answer: c What kinds of neurons are most commonly found in the brain? sensor neurons motor neurons dissociation neurons interneurons Page: 36 Answer: d What is it called when a neuron fires? synapsing excitation inhibition an action potential Page: 36 Answer: d A neuron has a resting potential of __________. – 70 mV 0 mV + 30 mV + 170 mV Page: 36 Answer: a A __________ is NOT a type of cell. synapse receptor effector interneuron Page: 36 Answer: a When an action potential moves down a neuron, the action potential is said to be __________. transmitted propagated activated motivated Page: 37 Answer: b Neuronal action potentials follow __________. temporal markers the all or none principle in sequence an encoding stage Page: 37 Answer: b The region where neurotransmitters cross from one neuron to another is called the __________. dendrite axon neurotransmitter synapse Page: 37 Answer: d The typical size of a synapse is __________. 100–200 millimeters 100–200 angstroms 5–10 picoleptors 25–35 picoleptors Page: 37 Answer: b Typical neurons in the cortex synapse with how many other neurons? 1–6 1,000,000–2,000,000 100–15,000 20–30 Page: 37 Answer: c The synapsing of a give neuron with many other neurons is called __________. multiplicity magnification divergence diffusion Page: 37 Answer: c What is the name of chemicals that accentuate or diminish the effects of neurotransmitters? neuromodulators magnifiers diminishers proto-neurotransmitters Page: 38 Answer: a What is acetylcholine an important neurotransmitter for? creating new neurons memory enhancement slowing the spread of neural activity mammals Page: 38 Answer: b What of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter that is important for memory formation? dendrition magnesium glutamate GABA Page: 38 Answer: c What of the following is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is important for memory formation? carbon magnesium glutamate GABA Page: 39 Answer: d Which memory formation process is for the temporary retention of information? consolidation long-term potentiation reconsolidation short-term potentiation Page: 39 Answer: b Which type of memory process is most likely disrupted by a blow to the head? consolidation long-term potentiation reconsolidation short-term potentiation Page: 39 Answer: b What process does long-term potentiation (LTP) reflect? the creation of new AMPA receptors the creation of new NMDA receptors the expansion of axon terminals the high loading of neurotransmitters Page: 39 Answer: a What is the name of the process that creates durable memories? long-term potentiation neural plasticity pruning consolidation Page: 40 Answer: d How long is long-term potentiation (LTP)? angstroms millimeters days years Page: 40 Answer: c Memory consolidation in the nervous system is aided by __________. activity sleep inhibition stem cells Page: 40 Answer: b The top layer of the brain, responsible for higher-level mental processes, is __________. neocortex brainstem corpus callosum parietal lobe Page: 41 Answer: a The part of the brain responsible for governing functions such as digestion, heartbeat, and breathing is the __________. cerebellum parietal lobe corpus callosum brainstem Page: 42 Answer: d The structure known as the “gateway to the cortex” is the __________. thalamus brainstem hippocampus fissure of Rolando Page: 42 Answer: a The primary bridge across which messages pass between the left and right halves of the cortex is the __________. thalamus corpus callosum hippocampus hypothalamus Page: 42 Answer: b The subcortical structure important for memory is the __________. thalamus corpus callosum hippocampus hypothalamus Page: 42 Answer: c The hippocampus is important for __________. memory emotion vision hearing Page: 42 Answer: a The amygdala is important for __________. memory emotion vision hearing Page: 42 Answer: b The subcortical structure important for emotion is the __________. amygdala corpus callosum hippocampus hypothalamus Page: 42 Answer: a Which of the following is NOT a lobe of the brain? lateral parietal temporal occipital Page: 43 Answer: a Which of the following is NOT a lobe of the cortex? frontal parietal occipital amygdala Page: 43 Answer: d Which lobe of the cortex is most important for vision? frontal parietal occipital temporal Page: 43 Answer: c Which lobe of the cortex is most important for memory? frontal parietal occipital temporal Page: 43 Answer: d What is the name of the numbering system used to identify different locations in the cortex? Brodmann’s areas The American Cortical Numeration (ACN) Freud’s index Catalog of Cortical Areas Page: 43 Answer: a The receptive and control centers for one side of the body are in the opposite hemisphere of the brain. This is referred to as __________. double dissociation corpus callosum hemispheric specialization contralaterality Page: 44 Answer: d Contralateral connections refer to __________. the idea that the body is represented in an inverted form in the brain the ways in which one hemisphere of the brain is largely hooked up to the same side of the body signals crossing from one half of the brain to the other over the corpus callosum two theories that are in opposition to one another Page: 44 Answer: b The specialization of function between the left and right hemispheres is known as __________. dissociation corpus callosum hemispheric specialization hemispatial neglect Page: 45 Answer: c Cerebral lateralization is the idea that __________. different functions depend more on one hemisphere than the other in the brain brain states tend to drive people toward one political opinion or the other there is more cerebral activity on the sides of the brain than in the middle the brain has two halves Page: 45 Answer: a One form of surgical intervention to combat severe epilepsy is __________. appendectomy severing the corpus callosum hemispherectomy frontal lobotomy Page: 46 Answer: b Sperry (1964) examined patients who had their corpus callosum severed. He was interested in investigating __________. cerebral lateralization animus basic functions (e.g., breathing, heart rate, temperature regulation) Penfield stimulation Page: 46 Answer: a Penfield is famous for his work on __________. color vision sensory–motor reflex arc basic functions (breathing, heart rate, temperature regulation) direct stimulation Page: 48 Answer: d The __________ is the part of the brain responsible for processing touch information from throughout the body. occipital lobe cerebellum sensory cortex motor cortex Page: 48 Answer: c The __________ is the part of the brain responsible for processing voluntary movement information for throughout the body. occipital lobe cerebellum sensory cortex motor cortex Page: 48 Answer: d Mirror neurons are active when __________. a person performs an action a person watches another person doing an action a person plans a movement all of the above Page: 49 Answer: d The dorsal pathway in vision is responsible for processing __________ information. “where” “what” “who” “when” Page: 49 Answer: a Visual information about where something is located is processed by the __________ pathway. medial posterior forsal ventral Page: 49 Answer: c The ventral pathway in vision is responsible for processing __________ information. “where” “what” “who” “when” Page: 49 Answer: b Visual information about what something is gets processed by the __________ pathway. medial posterior dorsal ventral Page: 49 Answer: c What is an emergent property? an activity that occurs only when it is allowed to emerge a newly developing skill a property that emerges when several smaller units work together a newly developing feature Page: 50 Answer: c What is a process that occurs when several smaller units work together? mirror neurons emergent property embodied cognition cortical stimulation Page: 50 Answer: b What does a CT scan use x-rays to measure? brain structure blood flow electrical activity personality characteristics Page: 51 Answer: a Which neuroimaging technique uses x-rays to measure brain structure? CT scan MRI scan fMRI scan PET scan Page: 51 Answer: a What does an MRI scan use magnetic fields to measure? brain structure blood flow electrical activity personality characteristics Page: 51 Answer: a Which neuroimaging technique uses magnetic fields to measure brain structure? CT scan MRI scan fMRI scan PET scan Page: 51 Answer: b Which neuroimaging technique provides good “when” information but not very good “where” information? ERP CT scan fMRI the Penfield technique Page: 52 Answer: a Which of the following techniques would NOT provide information about brain structure? CT scan ERP recordings Neurosurgery MRI scan Page: 52 Answer: b What does a single cell recording measure? brain structure blood flow electrical activity personality characteristics Page: 52 Answer: c Which neuroimaging technique uses electrical charges to measure neural activity? CT scan MRI scan fMRI scan single cell recordings Page: 52 Answer: d What do event-related potentials (ERPs) measure? brain structure blood flow electrical activity neurogenesis Page: 52 Answer: c Which neuroimaging technique uses electrical activity to measure neural activity? CT scan MRI scan ERP recordings special populations Page: 52 Answer: c Which of the following does NOT use electrical charges to measure neural activity? single cell recordings MRI scan ERP recordings TMS Page: 52 Answer: b Which part of an ERP recording indicates surprise, incongruence, or unexpectedness? P600 N400 all of it none of it: ERPs record baseline activity only. Page: 53 Answer: b What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) used for? altering brain structure changing blood flow levels altering electrical activity reducing neurogenesis Page: 54 Answer: c Which neuroimaging technique uses magnetic fields to disrupt normal electrical activity in the brain? CT scan MRI scan ERP recordings TMS Page: 54 Answer: d Which of the following does NOT use metabolic charges to measure neural activity? PET scan MRI scan ERP recording none of the above Page: 54 Answer: b What is the name of the signal from an fMRI recording that indicates level of brain activity? BOLD N400 neural spike brain waves Page: 54 Answer: a Which neuroimaging technique uses blood flow to measure neural activity? PET scan MRI scan ERP recording TMS Page: 54 Answer: a Which neuroimaging technique uses radioactive isotopes to measure blood flow in the brain? CT scan MRI scan fMRI scan PET scan Page: 54 Answer: d Which neuroimaging technique uses blood flow to measure neural activity? MRI scan fMRI scan ERP recording TMS Page: 54 Answer: b Which neuroimaging technique uses magnetic fields to measure blood flow in the brain? CT scan MRI scan fMRI scan PET scan Page: 54 Answer: c Which technique uses brain damage to make inferences about neural activity? direct stimulation lesioning PET scans neuroreduplication Page: 56 Answer: b Which technique uses electrical impulses to assess brain functionality? direct stimulation lesioning ERP induction the Penfield withdrawal technique Page: 56 Answer: a What is a way to study how different brain structures influence cognition without studying people with lesions or other kinds of brain damage? narcotics stimulants psychotropics special populations Page: 56 Answer: d __________ is a computer-based technique for modeling complex systems in which knowledge is represented by the strength of the excitatory or inhibitory connections between massively interconnected nodes. Coaxial modeling Computer-aided modeling Connectionist modeling Associationist modeling Page: 57 Answer: c Which of the following does NOT go with the others? connectionist models neural net models parallel distributed processing models mental models Page: 57 Answer: d True/False Questions: If one mental process is disrupted by brain damage and others are not, this is called a dissociation. TRUE (p. 33) Myelin sheaths are created by glial cells. TRUE (p. 34) Every action potential is the same. TRUE (p. 37) The action potential occurs at the synapse. FALSE (p. 37) GABA is an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory and learning. FALSE (p. 39) Long-term potentiation has a shorter duration than consolidation. TRUE (p. 40) The cerebral cortex is wrinkled in order to increase the surface area in a small volume. TRUE (p. 42) “Language on the left” refers to contralaterality. FALSE (p. 55) The different areas of the cortex are specialized for different kinds of neural computation. TRUE (p. 45) Each hemisphere of the brain is a single sheet of neural tissue; the lobes are merely separated by larger folds and convolutions of the cortex. TRUE (p. 44) Hemispheric specialization refers to the fact that the receptive and control centers for one side of the body are in the opposite hemisphere of the brain. FALSE (p. 45) All neuroimaging measures are focused on revealing structure. FALSE (p. 52) PET scans involve the injection of a radioactive isotope into the bloodstream. TRUE (p. 55) An advantage of computer modeling is that it forces theorists to be very explicit. TRUE (p. 57) Connectionist models are inspired by the structure of the brain and neural communication. TRUE (p. 57) Connectionist models have been verified using fMRI recordings. FALSE (p. 57) Fill in the Blank/Short Answer: A disruption of one mental process, but not others, as a result of brain damage is called a(n) ____________. (DISSOCIATION) What sort of effect is needed to show that two neurological processes are independent? (DOUBLE DISSOCIATION) For a neuron, information may come in the ____________ and out the ________________. (DENDRITES; AXON) Draw a picture of a neuron. Label at least five of the important components. What is the name of the process generated when a neuron fires? (ACTION POTENTIAL) What is the name of a neurotransmitter important for memory formation? (GLUTAMATE) Long-term potentiation involves the creation of new __________ receptors. (AMPA) The four major lobes of the brain are: FRONTAL, ___________, ____________, and __________. (TEMPORAL; PARIETAL; OCCIPITAL) List three different types of data sources that cognitive psychologists have used to learn about hemispheric lateralization: ____________, ____________, and ____________. (any of: LESION, DIRECT STIMULATION, ERP, fMRI, CT, PET, etc.) Two neuroimaging techniques for assessing brain structure are ___________ and____________. (CT scans; MRI scans) The neuroimaging technique that uses EEG recordings to assess changes in brain activity as a function of some external stimulus occurs is called __________. (ERP RECORDING) What is the name of the signal that is derived from an fMRI scan in order to assess the level of activity in a certain part of the brain? (BOLD) How did Penfield assess the functional role of different brain areas? (DIRECT STIMULATION) Essay Questions: Why is the finding of a double dissociation more informative in cognitive neuroscience than the finding of a single dissociation? What are the implications of long-term potentiation (LTP) and consolidation for how one should go about learning things to last a long time? How can you tell if different areas of the brain are specialized for handling different types of cognition? What are the advantages and limitations of neuroimaging methods to assess cognition? Identify a problem in cognitive psychology and describe how you might use two different neuroimaging techniques to test address this problem.