Oxidative stress can begin in childhood and lead to progressive damage throughout life

Oxidative stress can begin in childhood and lead to progressive damage throughout life. ROS = reactive oxygen species; UV = ultraviolet.

At the top, 6 things flow to R O S as follows: cell metabolism, U V light, ionizing radiation, air pollution, smoking, inflammation. R O S flows to nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Two other things also flow to these, which are: 1 antioxidant enzymes and R O S scavengers, and 2 repair mechanisms. From here, it flows to damage, which flows to epigenetic machinery, D N A methylation, histone modifications, noncoding R N Ays, which flows to impaired physiologic functions, which flows to three things as follows: cell death, aging acceleration, and age related diseases.