In Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Assn., tests of railroad employees were performed for drug or ...

In Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Assn., tests of railroad employees were performed for drug or alcohol use. These tests were challenged as an unconstitutional warrantless search of persons. The Supreme Court held that the tests:
 a. were too invasive, and so, an unconstitutional violation of the Fourth Amendment regarding improper searches
  b. were unnecessary to insure public safety, and so were unconstitutional c. were an unacceptable impediment to free interstate trade
  d. violated the railroad employees' freedom of expression, and so were unconstitutional
  e. were not unconstitutional because railroads are regulated and the public has a strong interest in safety