If President Obama obtained information that did not support his decision to continue negotiations with Iran over their alleged nuclear weapons program, and he dismissed that information as irrelevant, this would be an example of which concept?
a. Bolstering
b. Groupthink
c. Unmotivated bias
d. Cognitive dissonance
The discomfort that results when a new piece of information does not fit with existing beliefs is called
a. unmotivated bias.
b. positive spin.
c. groupthink.
d. cognitive dissonance.
Given the emphasis on the status quo by prospect theory, in international trade actors may find it easier to
a. agree on how to share the losses than on how to distribute the gains from trade.
b. come to a trade agreement in which both sides equally gain.
c. agree on how to distribute the benefits from a trade agreement than on how to share the losses.
d. walk away from a trade deal when it is clearly not in their favor.
The concept in which leaders will take risks in order to protect what they have is known as
a. status quo bias.
b. unmotivated bias.
c. cognitive dissonance.
d. bolstering.
An important finding of prospect theory suggests that individuals
a. are more willing to take risks to achieve a gain than to avoid a loss.
b. are unable to make a rational decision in a moment of crisis.
c. never waver from the way cost-benefit decisions are made.
d. are more willing to take risks to avoid a loss than to achieve a gain.
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