If the measurement device changes during the course of a within-subjects study so that the participants' scores are influenced, internal validity is threatened by statistical regression.
a. True
b. False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
The branch of measurement that involves the construction of an instrument that associates qualitative constructs with quantitative metric units is _______________.
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
Operational definitions were used in the early work on psychophysics, but they are rarely used today.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
One general concern for within-subjects research is that participation in one treatment condition may influence an individual's scores in a later treatment condition. This creates a threat to internal validity known as order effects.
a. True
b. False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
When Guttman scaling is being used, an individual's score is equal to the ____.
a. sum of the scale values for the items with which the individual agreed
b. weighted average of the individual item responses
c. sum of the item responses for items in the interquartile range
d. the ratio of high discrimination items to low discrimination items
A radiologist is using an MRI to determine whether a tumor detected in a patient is malignant, but the results are ambiguous. Deciding that the danger of missing a true malignancy is greater than the upset caused by what might be a false positive diagnosis, the radiologist reports that the tumor is probably malignant and refers the patient to a specialist for further evaluation and treatment. In this example,
a. the radiologist has adopted a neutral decision criterion.
b. the radiologist has adopted a conservative decision criterion.
c. the radiologist has adopted a liberal decision criterion.
d. the radiologist's decision criterion will depend on whether the tumor is later found to be malignant.
Randomly assigning participants to treatment conditions is not a part of within-subjects experiments.
a. True
b. False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
When Guttman scaling is being used, items are selected for inclusion using ____ analysis.
a. text
b. factor
c. scalogram
d. bivariat
Clark and colleagues (Clark, 1969; Clark & Yang, 1972) found that participants reported less pain when treated with acupuncture even though there was no difference in d between the treatment (acupuncture) and control (no acupuncture) conditions. This suggests that
a. acupuncture has no effect on reports of pain.
b. with acupuncture, the participant's decision criterion for reporting pain increased.
c. with acupuncture, the participant's decision criterion for reporting pain decreased.
d. participants had reduced sensitivity to pain when treated with acupuncture.
A within-subjects design would be appropriate for a research study that compares problem solving ability for participants with three different levels of self-esteem (high self-esteem, medium self-esteem, and low self-esteem).
a. True
b. False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Quick Reply
