The text refers to the lowest level of management as

The text refers to the lowest level of management as
 
  a. middle management.
  b. executive.
  c. first-line supervision.
  d. boss.
  e. steward.

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The steepness of hierarchy in a bureaucratic organization refers to
 
  a. the number of functional units in the organization.
  b. the social distance between the lowest-ranked employee and the highest- ranked executive.
  c. the ratio of the number of top management to the number of first-line supervisors.
  d. the number of layers of supervision.
  e. the number of people supervised by a manager.