What is the significance of the revised definition of death? What will be an ideal ...

1) Death used to be defined as the cessation of breathing and heartbeat. The newer approach defines death as the prolonged absence of brain waves, or brain death. This gives physicians some legal standing in withholding life-sustaining efforts from those who show virtually no possibility of recovery.

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2) A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a person labeled as mentally ill begins to live up to social expectations. This self-fulfilling prophecy is most likely to result when people are experiencing some personal crisis and they are especially sensitive to the reactions of others and vulnerable to any signs of disapproval.

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3) One problem is that the health-care field is not as subject to the laws of competition and the marketplace, as are other economic realms. Health-care consumers, for example, cannot as readily shop for bargains and are heavily dependent on physicians, who benefit from high health-care expenditures, to tell them what health services they need. Another problem is that health corporations can be tempted to cut back on services, and possibly on necessary health care, in order to increase profits.

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4) Savings through automation are not as easy to achieve in the health field as in other industries. Advances in health technology often involve completely new procedures, which call for new technicians, rather than replacing something that had been done less efficiently by older technology. So, improvements in health technology often result in the need for more, not fewer, workers.

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5) Industrialization has created few health hazards, some largely unknown in preindustrial societies, that contribute to death and misery. For example, stress on the job as well as losing a job has substantial health consequences. They can lead to increased heart disease, hypertension, and many other physical and mental illnesses, as well as an increased likelihood of death and a reduced life expectancy. Many human cancers are caused in part by environmental conditions, such as air pollution or chemicals in the water and soil.

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6) Reagan's administration policy advocated smaller government and greater austerity in social and health programs. The Reagan administration entered office soon after the first AIDS victim appeared in the U.S. The competition for government funds in the early 1980s was fierce, and AIDS researchers typically lost out in the battle.

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7) Traditional sex-role definitions encourage males to be aggressive and to seek more stressful and dangerous occupations where they might, for example, come in contact with industrial carcinogens. This leads to an increase in the mortality among men.

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8) Answer: c

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9) Answer: c

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10) Answer: a