Sleep is not accompanied by a reduction in neural activity, but rather by a profound change in ...

1) TRUE

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2) Three Na+ ions bind to the ICF side of the pump, which allows the pump to then split ATP into ADP and phosphate. The phosphate binds to the pump (i.e., the pump is phosphorylated), which then changes shape and transports the Na+ ions to the ECF. After the Na+ ions leave the pump, two K+ ions attach to the ECF side of the pump, which then causes the phosphate group to detach from the pump. Dephosphorylation causes the pump to change shape and transport the K+ ions into the cell. When the K+ ions detach from the pump, the pump is now ready to repeat the process.

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3) FALSE

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4) The different types of proteins in the plasma membrane may function as the following: (a) channels that allow the movement of specific ions or polar molecules down a concentration gradient; (b) carriers, which change shape to transport substances either down or up a concentration gradient; (c) docking-marker acceptors, which bind to secretory vesicles and trigger exocytosis; (d) membrane-bound enzymes that facilitate specific chemical reactions; (e) receptors, which bind to chemical messengers in the ECF and can then trigger reactions inside the cell; (e) cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that can help hold adjacent cells together; and (f) cell-recognition markers that allow the body to recognize its own cells.

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5) FALSE

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6) Glucose is transported from the intestinal cell into the blood via facilitated transport. The carrier for this process is called GLUT (glucose transporter). After entering the intestinal cell via the SGLT, glucose moves through the cytosol and attaches to the GLUT in the plasma membrane on the basolateral (blood) side of the cell. This causes the GLUT to change shape and transport the glucose down its concentration gradient out of the cell. The glucose then diffuses through the interstitial fluid and into the blood vessel, a process that also requires facilitated diffusion carriers.

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7) TRUE

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8) Glucose is transported from the intestinal lumen into the intestinal cells via cotransport (secondary active transport) with Na+ ions. The symporter for this process is called SGLT (sodium-glucose transporter). A sodium ion attaches to the SGLT and increases the carrier's affinity for glucose. A glucose molecule then binds to the luminal side of the SGLT. Having a Na+ ion and glucose attached simultaneously causes the SGLT to change shape and transport the Na+ and glucose into the cell. The Na+ ion is moved down its concentration gradient, while the glucose is moved against its concentration gradient. By constantly pumping Na+ ions out of the cell, the Na+-K+ pumps in the membrane of the intestinal cell maintain a steep gradient for Na+. Therefore, Na+ ions have a greater tendency to attach to the luminal side of the SGLT, which, in turn, allows more glucose to enter the cell.

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9) TRUE

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10) glucose, Na+

Thanks a whole bunch