What is civic duty, which often causes people to vote, even in adverse conditions?

What is civic duty, which often causes people to vote, even in adverse conditions?
 
  a. The moral obligation a person might feel to participate in politics
  b. The unexpected behavior a person might show in preparing to vote
  c. The desire a person might have to avoid being perceived as a nonvoter
  d. The educational level a person might attain to become knowledgeable about politics

Question -2-

________ is one of the best predictors of future voting behaviors.
 
  a. Prior voting
  b. Party affiliation
   c. Geographic location
   d. Gender

Question -3-

Overall, which term best describes calculating voter turnout?
 
  a. Fast
  b. Complex
   c. Simple
   d. Impossible

Question -4-

Low voter turnout is least likely in
 
  a. local elections.
  b. national elections for the presidency.
   c. primary elections.
  d. off-year elections for state legislators.