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Answer to q. 1
Feedback: There are a number of ways that the Social Security system's structure is biased against women: (1) it only recognizes paid work, and women are generally paid less than men; (2) it is based on time paid in, but women are frequently in the workforce fewer years than men, especially if they take time off to have and rear children; (3) divorced women who were married less than 10 years receive no portion of their ex-husband's benefit; (4) if wife and husband are both employed, the wife will receive Social Security benefits for her work only if her benefits exceed those earned by her husbandif she collects a benefit based on her own wages, she loses the 50 spouse's payment for which her husband's payroll taxes paid; (5) a widow without a child under 16 or a disabled child receives none of her husband's Social Security benefit until she is 60.
Answer to q. 2
Answer: b. Social movement
Answer to q. 3
Answer: a. deterministic
Answer to q. 4
Feedback: A borderline hysteria has emerged over the accusation that unauthorized immigrants are taking American jobs away from workers and lowering the overall wage structure, sometimes resulting in laws like Arizona's employer-sanctions law that penalizes employers who hire unauthorized (illegal) immigrants. At the same time, there is little public criticism of corporations that close business operations in the United States and outsource those jobs to foreign countries. For instance, in Arizona, the jobs associated with manufacturing semiconductors are down 31 because those jobs have been sent to other countries with lower wages. There is a clear contradiction here. Few politicians, businesses, and other U.S. citizens complain about moving capital and jobs away from the United States and into Third World countries, leaving U.S. workers to suffer the consequences. Meanwhile, these same interests voice ugly diatribes at workers who want to participate in that free market system by coming to the United States and competing for jobs. So one component of capitalismcapitalis free to roam a virtually borderless world in the hunt for low-wage workers to maximize profits, while a second component of capitalismworkers (the producers of profit)are restricted as to where they may go in search of work for their livelihood.
Answer to q. 5
Feedback: Global trade entered a new phase after the World War II, evolving a global trade network, the integration of peoples and nations, and a global economy, with a common ideology: capitalism. This shift has been accelerated by the removal of tariff barriers. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), both passed in 1994, are two examples of agreements that increased the flow of goods (and jobs) across national boundaries. The globalization of the economy is not a neutral process. Decisions are based on what will maximize profits, thus serving the owners of capital and not necessarily workers or the communities where U.S. operations are located. Most significant are the corporate decisions regarding the movement of money from one investment to another (called capital flight). Most of the manufacturing by U.S. transnational corporations is now done in low-wage economies. Both blue- and white-collar jobs formerly done in the United States are now done in countries with lower pay. The U.S. economy is transitioning from manufacturing jobs to service jobs.
Answer to q. 6
Feedback: Societies are transformed with each surge in invention and technological growth. (1) The Neolithic agricultural revolution began in about 8000 BC, marking the transition from nomadic pastoral life of hunting and gathering, to life in settlements based on agriculture. During this phase of human existence, new tools were created and used; animals were domesticated; language, numbers, and other symbols became more sophisticated; and mining and metalworking were developed. (2) The Industrial Revolution, began in Great Britain in the 1780s. With the application of steam power and later oil and electricity as energy sources for industry, mining, manufacturing, and transportation came fundamental changes to the economy, the nature of work, family organization, and a transition from rural to urban life. (3) The United States is now in the midst of a new transformation, one fueled by new technologies and applications. The amazing scientific breakthroughs have had and will continue to have immense implications for commerce, international trade, global politics, and, at the individual level, work opportunities, pay, and benefits.
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