Who introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism?
a. Freud c. Watson
b. Skinner d. Piaget
The groups of participants in a typical pretest-posttest design with nonequivalent groups are usually created by means of:
A) prescreening
B) matching
C) using random selection
D) using random sampling
Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now his mommy says gotcha before touching his neck. Eventually, as soon as his mommy says gotcha, Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the neutral stimulus?
a. laughing when his neck is touched c. laughing when he hears gotcha
b. saying gotcha d. touching his neck
The one-group pretest-post design is an improvement over a one-group design because it provides the researcher with:
A) alternative explanations
B) meaningful comparisons
C) internal validity
D) a separate control group
Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now his mommy says gotcha before touching his neck. Eventually, as soon as his mommy says gotcha, Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the conditioned response?
a. laughing when his neck is touched c. laughing when he hears gotcha
b. saying gotcha d. touching his neck
Dr. Spock wants to study whether having schizophrenia leads to an increase in risky health behaviors. Which would be the most appropriate control group to use for comparison?
A) a group of people with anxiety
B) a randomly selected group of college students
C) people diagnosed with both schizophrenia and anxiety
D) no control group is necessary
Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now his mommy says gotcha before touching his neck. Eventually, as soon as his mommy says gotcha, Kareem starts to laugh. This is an example of:
a. habituation learning c. sensitization learning
b. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning
In many patched-up designs, researchers systematically increase the number of _____________ in a quasi-experimental design.
A) experimental groups
B) independent variables
C) dependent variables
D) control groups
Zack has been wetting the bed. A special pad is placed under him while he is sleeping. If the pad becomes wet, a circuit closes, causing a bell to ring. After several repetitions, Zack learns to wake up before wetting the pad. Over time, Zack stops wetting the bed altogether. This is an example of the application of what theory to the treatment of bed-wetting?
a. psychodynamic theory c. cognitive theory
b. psychosocial theory d. learning theory
Patching is a research method in which a researcher adds new conditions to a quasi-experiment to help:
A) improve test sensitivity
B) preselect participants in the study
C) rule out alternate explanations of an effect
D) create comparison groups
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