The textbook recommends that teachers encourage students to set and work toward proximal goals. Which one of the following illustrates a proximal goal?
A) Learning the symbols for all the elements in a chemistry class
B) Maintaining a 4.0 GPA throughout the high school years
C) Becoming a reporter for a major news channel such as CNN
D) Shooting for admission to a local community college rather than to a prestigious and highly selective private college
Ques. 2If you wanted to minimize the extent to which extrinsic reinforcers undermine students' sense of autonomy and intrinsic motivation, you would be most likely to:
A) Use concrete reinforcers rather than social reinforcers.
B) Use social reinforcers rather than concrete reinforcers.
C) Give extrinsic reinforcers primarily when students do something exceptionally well.
D) Use extrinsic reinforcers as a way of reminding students what they should be doing at all times.
Ques. 3Mr. Rawlins is faculty advisor for the high school service club. He attends every meeting, and he regularly provides the support students need to carry out their activities. During group discussions, however, he typically sits in the back of the room and offers advice only if club members ask for it or if he thinks the club's planned activities are in some way inappropriate. In taking this approach, Mr. Rawlins is most likely to:
A) Decrease club members' expectations for success in their activities.
B) Enhance club members' sense of autonomy.
C) Reduce club members' interest in public service.
D) Encourage club members to have external attributions about their activities.
Ques. 4Racine is very moody. One day she seems reasonably happy, but the next day she's irritable and on edge. The day after that, she's quite cheerful. Taking developmental differences in affect into account and without knowing anything else about Racine, our best guess would be that Racine is in:
A) Kindergarten.
B) Third grade.
C) Seventh grade.
D) Twelfth grade.
Ques. 5Karin and her mother live on welfare in a poor, inner-city neighborhood in Detroit. Karin is quite bright and highly motivated, and she really wants to get a college education. However, she knows that, on average, students from low-income homes perform more poorly on the SAT Reasoning Test than students from wealthier homes. When she takes the SAT, she is so nervous that she has trouble concentrating on the test items, and so her scores underestimate her true abilities. Which of the following concepts best explains what has happened to Karin?
A) Stereotype threat
B) An external attribution
C) Hot cognition
D) Cognitive dissonance
Ques. 6Considering the textbook's definitions of threat and challenge, identify the situation below that is most likely to pose a threat rather than a challenge.
A) You think you can probably make the basketball team, but only if you practice every day at home.
B) You're asked to climb up a 20-foot rope hanging from the ceiling. You've climbed 10 feet before, but you've never climbed 20 feet.
C) You've invited a professor to dinner and are trying a recipe you've never tried before.
D) You are required to take a college course in nuclear physics, even though you failed basic physics in high school.
Ques. 7Which one of the following students exhibits a self-conscious emotion?
A) Krista is happy that her teacher put her in the same cooperative group as her friend Darby.
B) Jacob feels ashamed that he missed an easy field goal during a soccer game.
C) Raina has been depressed for several months about her parents' divorce.
D) Leo is excited that his class is going to the natural history museum next week.
Ques. 8Three of the following statements characterize students with learned helplessness. Which statement is not accurate about students with learned helplessness?
A) They set low goals for themselves.
B) They become easily discouraged when they fail.
C) They have little confidence in their ability to succeed.
D) They are usually young children rather than older children or adolescents.
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