The corners of life that people occupy such as jobs, income, education, gender, age, and race are ...

Answer to q. 1

FALSE

Answer to q. 2

First, some visa categories do not provide visas for the children of new LPRs. Second, new LPRs who can bring their minor children as accompanying children may not have the financial resources necessary for bringing all of them. Third, by the time a numerically limited visa becomes available, the children may have lost eligibility for visas as accompanying family members, either because they married or because they age out. Additional questions that merit further study concern the effects of household structure and of the larger social environment on children of immigrants. These reflect views that children may suffer greatly if one or more family members is unauthorized either via mechanisms of compassion or because the family's coping strategies may significantly curtail opportunities for the nonunauthorized child. Other questions pertain to the possibly beneficial effects of native step-siblings and half-siblings. Finally, discriminatory tendencies in the larger social environment may negatively affect the child's development, either directly or by limiting parents' ability to invest in their children and nurture their cognitive and noncognitive skills. Of course, there will always be children who rise above all adversity, and indeed, use it as a force for good. But their numbers may not be large.

Answer to q. 3

People from Mexico are more likely to go to the United States than to Europe not only because there are higher wages in the United States but also because the two countries share a nearly 2,000-mile land border and a long history, with their peoples and economies connected to each other in very strong ways. Mexico and the United States are strong trade partners, too. The United States is Mexico's largest trading partner, buying more than 77percent of Mexican exports in 2012, and Mexico is the third largest buyer of U.S. exports. The United States has many companies based in Mexico and a high degree of investment there. Thus, people in each country have many business or professional colleagues, friends, and family members in the other country.

Answer to q. 4

In general, there are two paths to citizenship for foreign-born persons. The first is naturalization, and the second is deriving citizenship from one's parent(s). Naturalization is the process by which a person who is 18 years of age or older acquires citizenship. Eligibility for naturalization requires a period of time as an LPR, physical presence in the United States, knowledge of English, knowledge of the history and government of the United States, good moral character, and attachment to the U.S. Constitution. When a parent becomes a U.S. citizen, children who are LPR, unmarried, under 18, and in the parent's legal and physical custody automatically become citizens; they derive citizenship from their parent.

Answer to q. 5

Throughout history, many societies have sought to limit or regulate both immigration and emigration. Regulations on emigration range from absolute prohibition on people leaving (as in the communist countries of Eastern Europe during the years of the Cold War, roughly 19481989), to restrictions on certain groups of people (such as Jews in Germany during the period of Nazi rule between 1933 and 1945), to enforced departure or exile (as in the case of Dante, condemned in 1302 to perpetual exile from his native Florence). The Berlin Wallbuilt in 1961 as a barrier between West Berlin and both East Berlin and the surrounding East German territoryis a prominent symbol of the efforts of governments to keep people from leaving. More recently, many countries have sought to limit brain drain. Groups and societies have also sought to regulate immigration. As with emigration, such regulations range from absolute prohibition (preventing anyone from entering a country) to enforced importation (as in the great slave migrations of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and the expulsion of Jews to slave and death camps throughout Europe during World War II). In between these extremes lie the elaborate regulations common today throughout the world, which reject some immigrants outright and admit others under a variety of provisions for temporary or permanent stays. For both temporary and permanent residence, there is an intricate system by which foreign-born persons become eligible for a visathe authorizing entry document. The decision about who is entitled to a visa becomes a critical part of immigration policy.

Answer to q. 6

b

Answer to q. 7

c