Physioex 8.0 A&P

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Mz
Exercise 10 Review Sheet

I believe that with enough time for renal compensation to be fully effective, the renal excretion of carbonic acid is increased as well as bicarbonate reabsorption increased.
Definitions/Explanations:
pH:  denotes the hydrogen concentration [H+] in body fluids.
Acid/base balance:  the pH of a body’s fluids.
Acid:  a substance that releases H+ in solution (such as body fluids).
Base:  a substance that binds to H+, often a hydroxyl ion (OH-) or bicarbonate ion (HCO3-).
Normal pH range:  7.35-7.45
Acidosis:  the state of the body when pH levels fall below 7.35.
Alkalosis:  the state of the body when the pH levels rise above 7.45.
Respiratory Acidosis:  when the body’s pH levels fall below 7.35 because the respiratory system accumulates too much carbon dioxide; there’s too much CO2 in the blood.
-results from hypoventilation or inhaling too much CO2 into the lungs, as in breathing in the same air that was expelled when breathing into a paper bag; airway obstruction; lung disease; drug overdose; or depression of the respiratory center in the brain stem.
Respiratory Alkalosis: when the body’s pH levels rise above 7.45 because the respiratory system accumulates too little carbon dioxide; there’s too little CO2 in the blood.
-results from hyperventilation or expelling too much CO2 from the lungs; traveling at high altitudes; fever; or anxiety. 
Metabolic Acidosis:  when the body’s pH levels fall below 7.35 because of any condition other than respiratory causes:  for instance, excessive and prolonged diarrhea, ketoacidosis which may occur in diabetics, chronic renal failure, or aspirin overdose.
Metabolic Alkalosis:  when the body’s pH levels rises above 7.45 because of any condition other than respiratory causes:  for instance,  excessive vomiting or hypokalemia.

Important concepts:

~The normal pH of systemic aterial blood is 7.35 to 7.45.
~Homeostasis of pH is maintained by buffer systems, by exhalation of carbon dioxide, and by kidney excretion of H+ and reabsorption of HCO3-. 
1.    Buffer systems convert strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases, preventing drastic changes in the body fluid pH.  There are three types of buffer systems:
a.   Proteins are the most abundant buffers in the body cells and blood.  Hemoglobin is a protein buffer in the cytosol of red blood cells; albumin is a protein buffer in the blood plasma.
b.   Carbonic acid and Bicarbonate are important regulators of blood pH.  These are the most abundant buffers in the extracellular fluid.
c.   Phosphates are important buffers in the intracellular fluid and in urine.
2.   Exhalation of CO2 is another important mechanism by which the body maintains a homeostatic pH.  With increased exhalations of CO2, pH rises (fewer H+ ions in the blood).  With decreased exhalation (or increased inhalation) of CO2, pH falls (more H+ retained in the blood).
3.   Kidneys, by way of the kidney tubules, secrete H+ into the urine and reabsorb HCO3- so it is not lost in the urine (as with acidosis) or vice versa (as with alkalosis). 
~Acidosis is a systemic arterial blood pH below 7.35; its principal effect on the body is depression of the central nervous system (CNS).  Alkalosis is a systemic arterial blood pH above 7.45; its principal effect is overexcitability of the CNS.