Which of the following has not been proposed as a model to explain the origin of modern Homo ...

Which of the following has not been proposed as a model to explain the origin of modern Homo sapiens?
 
  a. An origin in Africa followed by migration to other areas where indigenous premodernpopulations were replaced.
 b. An origin in Africa followed by migration to other areas where both interbreeding andreplacement occurred.
 c. Several origins in different areas where modern forms evolved from local populations.
  d. Separate origins in Africa and Australia with migrations from both these areas to displace allother populations.
 e. A strong influence of modern humans evolving first in Africa that left an imprint on populations throughout the world that is detectable today.