Joseph P. is an 82-year-old male living at home. He is in overall good health and enjoys taking long ...

Age-related risk factors for falling are as follows:
Decreased muscle strength
Overall slowing of movement and reaction time
Decreased joint proprioception
Decreased reflexes, particularly the righting reflexes
Increased postural sway
Altered gait, decreased joint mobility and flexibility
Impaired visual and vestibulocochlear function

The relationship between blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular disease is continuous, consistent, and independent of other risk factors. Numerous studies have shown that systolic blood pressure progressively increases with age, whereas increases in diastolic blood pressure tend to plateau and even decline after age 50. As a result, there is a sharp increase in what is known as systolic hypertension among older adults, which occurs as a consequence of increased arterial stiffness. An elevation in systolic blood pressure accompanied by a normotensive diastolic pressure causes a dramatic increase in pulse pressure. This is a known prognostic indicator for future coronary events.

The elderly kidney is less able to concentrate urine and is less responsive to ADH. Coupled with decreased thirst cues, older adults are prone to fluid shifts and dehydration.