Vince is driving home in heavy traffic after a stressful day at work. A car comes up quickly behind ...

Vince is driving home in heavy traffic after a stressful day at work. A car comes up quickly behind him and the driver is yelling and gesturing for Vince to get out of his way. Angry, Vince hits the brakes and causes the other driver to swerve. Then Vince honks and makes a few obscene gestures at the driver. According to ____, Vince becomes aggressive because he is stressed and experiencing unpleasant emotions and has received negative cues from his environment.
 
  a. transferred excitation
  b. the arousal: cost-reward theory
  c. social interference
  d. the frustration-aggression hypothesis