Randomized experiments are identified as the ideal approach to program evaluation because

Randomized experiments are identified as the ideal approach to program evaluation because
 
  a. they are strong in establishing cause-and-effect relationships.
  b. they are simple and cheap.
  c. they are easy to implement in a field setting.
  d. they are a favorite of staff personnel.

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In the evaluation research done to compare the performances of male and female police officers, which of the following problems were found that might affect the validity of the findings?
 
  a. Failure to compare variations among males and females as well as thosebetween the sexes
 b. Focusing on an unrepresentative sample of police tasks
  c. Focusing on an unrepresentative sample of police tasks, and failure tocompare variations among males and females as well as those between thesexes
 d. Ignoring the fact that males and females do different police tasks

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A logic-model of the program being evaluated is prepared
 
  a. after a summative evaluation is complete.
  b. whenever a formative evaluation is conducted. c. during the evaluability assessment.
  d. to aid workers to participate in the evaluation.