According to Hoffman, there is general agreement about what aspect of terrorism?
a. Terrorism can be objectively identified based on targets and methods.
b. Terrorism consists only of violent actions committed by nonstate actors.
c. Terrorism can consist of attacks on either civilian or military targets.
d. Terrorism consists exclusively of attacks on civilian targets.
e. Terrorism is a pejorative term that no group would willingly adopt for itself.
How did terrorist groups of the past, such as nineteenth-century anarchists and Narodnaya Volya, differ from most modern terrorist groups?
a. In the past, terrorists rarely used fatal violence and preferred to attack property instead.
b. In the past, terrorist groups were motivated by purely political goals rather than ideological ones.
c. In the past, terrorist groups were more likely to abide by the codes of international law.
d. In the past, terrorist groups exclusively focused on civilian targets because political officials were too difficult to strike.
e. In the past, terrorist groups were much more open to labeling themselves and their targets as terroristic.
According to Art's definitions, the target of which form of force is most clearly and primarily an enemy's military?
a. deterrent and defensive
b. deterrent and compellent
c. defensive
d. deterrent
e. compellent
Which of the following instances is an example of deterrence?
a. A state develops a series of fortifications that make it impractical for neighbors to invade it.
b. A state establishes a second-strike bomber fleet capable of destroying its neighbor's industrial infrastructure.
c. A state establishes a first-strike bomber fleet that results in its neighbor doing the same.
d. A state launches a pre-emptive strike against a neighbor that was mobilizing to invade it.
e. A state launches a retaliatory strike against a neighbor that has invaded its territory.
According to Schelling, which of the following attributes of nuclear weapons has affected the conduct of warfare the most?
a. that politicians no longer need armed forces to fight wars
b. that they cannot effectively be defended against
c. their destructive power
d. that their potential to end the world makes war much less likely
e. the speed with which they can cause devastation
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