In order to manipulate a variable, there must be at least _____ different levels of the variable.
a. one c. three
b. two d. four
In order to experimentally prove that the independent variable is the cause and the dependent variable is the effect we would have to _____
a. observe the dependent variable in the presence of the independent variable
b. observe the dependent variable in the absence of the independent variable
c. observe changes in the independent variable when the dependent variable is manipulated
d. observe changes in the dependent variable when the independent variable is manipulated
In experimental terms, what does it mean to say that there is a change in the cause? It means that
a. the independent variable is manipulated
b. independent variable is measured
c. the dependent variable is manipulated
d. the dependent variable is controlled
The principle of concomitant variation states that _____.
a. When there is a change made in the cause, there should be no resulting change in the effect.
b. Where there is the cause, there must be the effect.
c. Where there is the effect, there need not necessarily be the cause.
d. When there is a change made in the cause, there should also be a resulting change in the effect.
Which of the following is both a necessary and a sufficient principle to prove a causal relationship?
a. Where there is the effect, there must also be the cause.
b. Where there is no cause, there should be no effect.
c. Where there is a change made in the cause, there should be a resulting change in the effect.
d. All of these are necessary and sufficient conditions for proving a causal relationship between variables.
The operational definition for the independent variable in an experiment specifies how the variable _____.
a. is measured c. is controlled
b. is manipulated d. is analyzed
What formatting is used for the subsection headings of the method section, according to APA style? They are all
a. centered and printed in boldface type
b. indented and printed in all capital letters
c. italicized and left justified
d. none of these
In the materials subsection of the method, it is usually not necessary to include _____.
a. reliability data for the testing instrument, if available
b. details of the questionnaires used
c. validity data for the testing instrument, if available
d. descriptions of the pencils used
The participants subsection of the method includes which of the following?
a. the number of participants c. any incentives offered for participating
b. the major demographics of the sample d. all of these
Which of the following is NOT a required subsection of the method section of a research report, according to APA style?
a. design c. procedure
b. subjects d. materials
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