Erikson's psychosocial theory deviates from Freud's psychosexual theory in that Erikson:
a. increases the emphasis on intrapsychic conflict.
b. emphasizes social relationships more than sexual ones.
c. places greater emphasis on the id.
d. focuses more on sexual relationships than social ones.
What type of design did Johnson, Richeson, and Finkel (2011) use in their study on the effect of being a poor or middle class student at Northwestern University?
A) a person-by-treatment quasi-experiment
B) a survey
C) a nature-by-treatment two-groups design
D) a laboratory experiment
Which of the following is TRUE regarding Freud's legacy for future thinkers?
a. Its focus on the scientific method has led to stronger ways of studying child development.
b. Its emphasis on the emotional needs of children has influenced how educators understand children's behavior.
c. Its focus on the importance of genetics has led to modern researchers' understanding of how genetics and environment intersect.
d. There has been no further examination of issues in child development initially identified by Freud.
The ____________ approach selects participants based on whether they score in the top or the bottom half of a distribution on an individual-difference measure.
A) extreme groups
B) prescreening
C) patching
D) median split
Freud's theories have been criticized for:
a. underemphasizing sexuality and instinct.
b. overemphasizing social relationships and learning.
c. placing too much emphasis on basic instincts and unconscious motives.
d. using the scientific method too carefully.
Prescreening is frequently used by researchers to:
A) identify potential person confounds
B) create different experimental groups
C) determine similarities between participants
D) select different control groups
Ashley is an 8-year-old girl whose sexual impulses are suppressed. She spends her time focusing on her schoolwork and developing relationships with same-sex friends. Which of Freud's psychosexual stages is Ashley in?
a. phallic c. genital
b. latency d. oral
Dr. Park identified 20 restrictive eaters (people who constantly monitor and limit their caloric intake) and 20 matched control participants. She then manipulated whether each group of participants had or had not just consumed a high calorie milkshake prior to taking part in a taste test of chocolate chip cookies. She found that whereas the control participants ate fewer cookies than usual after having just consumed the shake, the restrictive eaters actually ate more. Dr. Park's study is:
A) a person-by-treatment quasi-experiment
B) a natural experiment
C) a laboratory experiment
D) a clinical evaluation experiment
Children enter the latency stage at 5 or 6 years of age and:
a. usually never progress to further stages.
b. generally stay there until puberty.
c. then enter the phallic stage at adolescence.
d. stay there until the anal stage at age 8.
Which kind of quasi-experiment makes use of at least one measured variable and at least one experimentally manipulated variable?
A) a pseudo-experiment
B) a natural experiment
C) a person-by-treatment quasi-experiment
D) a hybrid quasi-experiment
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