Tulving's case study of K.C. (the man with an extreme form of amnesia) suggests that:
A) people can possess a clear sense of what traits they possess without being able to remember any specific thing they have ever done
B) people can remember episodic information without having any memory for semantic information
C) human memory is organized into a basic perceptual vs. cognitive dichotomy
D) long term memory can be destroyed without any loss of short-term memory
The stories of Peter Tripp and Randy Gardner (two different people who each endured extremely long periods of sleep deprivation) suggest that:
A) extreme sleep deprivation invariably leads to a very specific set of symptoms (e.g., hallucinations, breakdowns in judgment)
B) an advantage of case studies is that a lot of general information about human beings can be gathered from studying only one or two people
C) a drawback of case studies is that different case studies often yield different results
D) case studies often fail to use basic safeguards against biased observations
Analyses of the specific injury that Phineas Gage suffered, along with careful analyses of his behavior after the injury have helped to:
A) document the plasticity and flexibility of the brain
B) establish the role of the prefrontal cortex in emotional regulation
C) document how speech can be impaired by specific kinds of brain damage
D) provide clues to curing or rehabilitating patients who undergo such injuries
The most important difference between case studies and casual (unscientific) analyses of behavior is that case studies:
A) are usually conducted with the goal of theory construction or theory testing
B) usually supplement casual analyses with statistical analyses
C) rely on careful scientific measurements and report only observable states
D) are based on converging evidence taken from multiple research participants
Which of the following is NOT a drawback to case studies?
A) difficult to use operational definitions
B) difficult to perform statistical analyses
C) not well-respected in some scientific circles
D) can inspire researchers to ask the right questions about an illness or other area
Research designs in which researchers produce careful analyses of the experiences of a single person or group are referred to as:
A) archival studies
B) singular studies
C) case studies
D) delineation studies
Lincoln conducted a successful experiment on modeling (i.e., social learning or copying) and helping behavior among American high school students. He then replicated this same experiment (using exactly the same independent and dependent variables) in a sample of Japanese senior citizens. Lincoln probably hoped that his replication study would reduce concerns about:
A) artifacts
B) linguistic biases
C) confounds
D) demand characteristics
By replicating an experiment while using a different specific way of manipulating the independent variable, a researcher can often reduce concerns about:
A) archetypes
B) belief perseverance
C) confounds
D) demand characteristics
Whereas confounds threaten _________, artifacts threaten _________.
A) validity; reliability
B) reliability; validity
C) internal validity; external validity
D) external validity; internal validity
The most common threat to the internal validity of research designs is probably:
A) experimenter bias
B) confounds
C) participant expectancies
D) regression toward the mean
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