The threat to validity that occurs as a result of a natural development that occurs between pre- and post- measurement is called a(n) ____ threat.
a. history
b. maturation
c. instrumentation
d. testing
When more than one independent variable can account for obtained results, we say that the variables interact.
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A pretest-posttest study is an example of a nonequivalent groups design.
a. True
b. False
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If plausible alternative explanations have been ruled out, a study can be said to have established ____.
a. external validity
b. internal validity
c. experimental validity
d. statistical validity
Confounding occurs when an uncontrolled factor covaries or changes together with an independent variable.
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In a pretest-posttest design, a researcher makes multiple observations before and after the introduction of a treatment.
a. True
b. False
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A group comparable in every way possible to your experimental group except that it does not receive the program is called a(n) ____ group.
a. control
b. placebo
c. blinded
d. nonequivalent
Reaction times in a Donders A task are longer than reaction times in a Donders C task.
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The internal validity of the pre-post designs is threatened by threats related to time.
a. True
b. False
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When an effect occurs when the proposed cause occurs, but the effect does not occur when the proposed cause has not occurred, ____ has been demonstrated.
a. temporal precedence
b. covariation
c. plausibility
d. causality
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