The idea that couples strive to maintain a balance between how many surviving children they have and ...

The idea that couples strive to maintain a balance between how many surviving children they have and how many they want is associated with the concept of the
 
  a. preconditions for a substantial fertility decline.
  b. exogenous factors that influence reproductive behavior.
  c. new household economics of fertility behavior.
  d. demographic linkage between fertility and reproductive health.

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The single most important instigator of fertility decline at the societal level is
 
  a. increased longevity.
  b. the empowerment of women.
  c. secularization.
  d. higher levels of education.