The most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid is
A. negatively charged proteins.
B. phosphate.
C. chloride.
D. hydrogen.
E. acetic acid.
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Question 2) Which ion is the principal solute of the ECF and is crucial for neuromuscular and renal function?
A. Magnesium
B. Phosphate
C. Calcium
D. Sodium
E. Potassium
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Question 3) How are sodium levels and blood pressure related?
A. Increased plasma sodium levels decrease water retention, decrease blood volume, and increase blood pressure.
B. Decreased plasma sodium levels increase water retention, increase blood volume, and decrease blood pressure.
C. Increased plasma sodium levels increase water retention, blood volume, and blood pressure.
D. Decreased plasma sodium levels decrease water retention, increase blood volume, and increase blood pressure.
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Question 4) Most potassium loss from the body occurs through
A. sweat.
B. urine.
C. feces.
D. respiration.
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Question 5) Insulin causes blood plasma levels of potassium to ________ by _______ activity of the Na+/K+ pumps.
A.
increase; stimulating
B.
increase; inhibiting
C.
decrease; stimulating
D.
decrease; inhibiting
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Question 6) When the pH of the ECF decreases, K+ starts to move from the
A. ECF to the ICF.
B. ICF to the ECF.
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Question 7) When NaCl is added to body fluids, it results in the addition of
A. one solute particle per NaCl molecule and exerts an osmotic pressure equivalent to that of a nonelectrolyte.
B. two solute particles per NaCl molecule and exerts twice the osmotic pressure of the same number of nonelectrolyte molecules.
C. three solute particles per NaCl molecule and exerts one-third the osmotic pressure of the same number of nonelectrolyte molecules.
D. one solute particle per NaCl molecule, but because it is uncharged it does not result in osmotic pressure.
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Question 8) Low levels of calcium within cells are maintained by
A. a high number of voltage-gated and leakage channels for calcium in cell membranes.
B. frequent exocytosis and endocytosis of calcium-containing vesicles.
C. pumps that move calcium out of cells or into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
D. osmosis of large amounts of water into cells that have any calcium within them.
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Question 9) Most nonelectrolytes are covalently bonded organic molecules.
Indicate whether this statement is true or false.
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Question 10) The molecule HCl is an example of a(n)
A. electrolyte.
B. nonelectrolyte.
C. base.
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